Transaction Processing

3

Fault Tolerance

3.1. Introduction

3.1.1. A Crash Course in Simple Probability

3.1.2. An External View of Fault Tolerance

3.2. Definitions

3.2.1. Fault, Failure, Availability, Reliability

3.2.2. Taxonomy of Fault Avoidance and Fault Tolerance

3.2.3. Repair, Failfast, Modularity, Recursive Design

3.3. Empirical Studies

3.3.1. Outages Are Rare Events

3.3.2. Studies of Conventional Systems

3.3.3. A Study of a Fault-Tolerant System

3.4. Typical Module Failure Rates

3.5. Hardware Approaches to Fault Tolerance

3.5.1. The Basic N-Plex Idea: How to Build Failfast Modules

3.5.2. Failfast versus Failvote Voters in an N-Plex

3.5.3. N-Plex plus Repair Results in High Availability

3.5.4. The Voter’s Problem

3.5.5. Summary

3.6. Software Is the ...