Juan A. Martinez‐Velasco and Jacinto Martin‐Arnedo
10.1 Introduction
Figure 10.1 shows the scheme of a protection system that consists of three major parts: instrument transformers, protective relays, and circuit breakers [1–5]. The instrument transformers lower the power system voltages and currents to safe working levels. The protective relays receive information about the operating conditions of the high‐voltage power system via the instrument transformers. The relays check whether the power system is in a healthy or an unhealthy state. In the latter case, the relays send trip signals to circuit breakers, which will interrupt the large currents.
Figure 10.1 Scheme of a protection system for implementation in a digital simulation tool.
Actual power systems and their protection systems operate in a closed‐loop manner: information about the status of the power system reaches protective relays from instrument transformers, relays analyse this information, and take a decision that can modify the topology of the power system by opening circuit breakers. Since faults can be temporary, many protection schemes include reclosing. Modern software tools allow users to represent a closed‐loop interaction, which is the most realistic approach for analysing the performance of a combination of power and protection systems under transient conditions [6–9].
The application ...
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