Advances in Human-AI Collaboration

2Human–AI Interaction Fundamentals

George Margetis¹, Stavroula Ntoa¹, Asterios Leonidis^1,2, and Constantine Stephanidis^1,2

¹Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Greece

²Computer Science Department, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece

2.1 Introduction

Human–AI interaction represents an evolving frontier, where the dynamic partnership between humans and Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems is explored, empowering individuals to achieve their goals, make informed decisions, and elevate productivity. It also embraces the casual yet transformative use of interactive systems that seamlessly integrate AI services into our daily lives. At its core, human–AI interaction focuses on the ways these systems communicate with people and the systems’ ability to interpret and respond to human behavior and emotions.

Unlike traditional computing systems, AI-driven systems are autonomous, adaptive, and capable of learning. The evolution of human–AI interaction can be traced back to the early days of AI and computing. In the 1950s and 1960s, AI was conceptualized as a technology that could simulate human reasoning, leading to early developments in rule-based systems and symbolic AI (McCarthy et al., 1955; Russell & Norvig, 2021). However, these systems had limited interaction capabilities. The 1970s and 1980s saw significant advancements in Human–Computer Interaction (HCI), with research emphasizing usability, cognitive psychology, ...