
282 Audio Effects: Theory, Implementation and Application
more perceptually relevant loudness levels. Clipping indicators are also
often provided to show whether the console levels exceed maximum allow-
able levels.
Since sound is perceived on a logarithmic scale, mixing console displays
and control interfaces are almost always given level values in decibels. The
professional nominal level is often given as +4 dBu, where dBu is referenced to
0.775 V root mean square (RMS). The consumer grade level is −10 dBV, where
dBV is referenced to 1 V RMS. Thus, 0 dB on the mixing console will typically
correspond to either +4 dBu or –10 dBV of electrica