Casper
PoS is being worked on as a replacement to the computationally inefficient PoW algorithm. PoS is not being fully implemented and upgraded on mainnet due to concerns about an issue such as emerging of a set of centralized supernodes (which receive an outsized role in building the new blocks). Casper is the Ethereum community's effort to transition from PoW to PoS.
In the Per Casper protocol, validators (the Ethereum equivalent of miners in Bitcoin) set aside a portion of their Ether as a stake. When a validator identifies a candidate block to build, Ether is bet on that block by the validator. If the block is indeed added to the chain, the validator is rewarded based on the size of his or her bet. Validators acting maliciously will ...
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