Oracle
As we already learned, identical Ethereum smart contracts are executed on nodes worldwide. What we have not emphasized yet is that all these nodes take the same set of inputs and should yield the same outputs. This is called determinism. Ethereum relies on this determinism since, in order to verify the validity of smart contracts and transactions, mining nodes have to yield the same results while running the same code with the same inputs.
This determinism raises a challenge. On one side, Ethereum is a generic platform that can be used to transfer any digital or digitized assets. Its smart contracts require data or inputs from external sources such as the internet, for example, stock prices, macroeconomic or microeconomic indices, ...
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