book

Computer Graphics Through OpenGL®, 4th Edition

Name: Computer Graphics Through OpenGL®, 4th Edition
Author: Sumanta Guha
ISBN: 9781000618419

by Sumanta Guha

December 2022

Intermediate to advanced

702 pages

27h

English

Chapman and Hall/CRC

Read now

Unlock full access

Cover Page
Half-Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Contents
Preface
About the Author
I Hello World
1 An Invitation to Computer Graphics
1.1 Brief History of Computer Graphics1.2 Overview of a Graphics System1.2.1 Input Devices1.2.2 Output Devices1.3 Quick Preview of the Adventures Ahead

2 On to OpenGL and 3D Computer Graphics
2.1 First Program2.2 Orthographic Projection, Viewing Box and World Coordinates2.3 The OpenGL Window and Screen Coordinates2.4 Clipping2.5 Color, OpenGL State Machine and Interpolation2.6 OpenGL Geometric Primitives2.7 Approximating Curved Objects2.8 Three Dimensions, the Depth Buffer and Perspective Projection2.8.1 A Vital 3D Utility: The Depth Buffer2.8.2 A Helix and Perspective Projection2.9 Drawing Projects2.10 Approximating Curved Objects Once More2.11 An OpenGL Program End to End2.12 Summary, Notes and More Reading
II Tricks of the Trade
3 An OpenGL Toolbox
3.1 Vertex Arrays and Their Drawing Commands3.2 Vertex Buffer Objects3.3 Vertex Array Objects3.4 Display Lists3.5 Drawing Text3.6 Programming the Mouse3.7 Programming Non-ASCII Keys3.8 Menus3.9 Line Stipples3.10 FreeGLUT Objects3.11 Clipping Planes3.12 Frustum, Differently3.13 Viewports3.14 Multiple Windows3.15 Summary, Notes and More Reading
III Movers and Shapers
4 Transformation, Animation and Viewing
4.1 Modeling Transformations4.1.1 Translation4.1.2 Scaling4.1.3 Rotation4.2 Composing Modeling Transformations4.3 Placing Multiple Objects4.4 Modelview Matrix Stack and Isolating Transformations4.5 Animation4.5.1 Animation Technicals4.5.2 Animation Code4.5.3 Scene Graphs4.5.4 Animation Projects4.6 Viewing Transformation4.6.1 Understanding the Viewing Transformation4.6.2 Simulating a Viewing Transformation with Modeling Transformations4.6.3 Orientation and Euler Angles4.6.4 Viewing Transformation and Collision Detection in Animation4.7 More Animation Code4.7.1 Animating an Articulated Figure4.7.2 Simple Orthographic Shadows4.8 Selection and Picking4.8.1 Selection4.8.2 Picking4.9 Summary, Notes and More Reading
5 Inside Animation: The Theory of Transformations
5.1 Geometric Transformations in 2-Space5.1.1 Translation5.1.2 Scaling5.1.3 Rotation5.1.4 Reflection5.2 Affine Transformations5.2.1 Affine Transformations Defined5.2.2 Affine Transformations and OpenGL5.2.3 Affine Transformations and Homogeneous Coordinates5.3 Geometric Transformations in 2-Space, Continued5.3.1 Affine Geometric Transformations5.3.2 Euclidean and Rigid Transformations5.4 Geometric Transformations in 3-Space5.4.1 Translation5.4.2 Scaling5.4.3 Rotation5.4.4 Reflection5.4.5 Affine Geometric Transformations5.4.6 Accessing and Manipulating the Current Modelview Matrix5.4.7 Euclidean and Rigid Transformations5.5 Summary, Notes and More Reading
6 Advanced Animation Techniques
6.1 Frustum Culling by Space Partitioning6.1.1 Space Partitioning6.1.2 Quadtrees6.1.3 Implementation6.1.4 More about Space Partitioning6.2 Occlusion6.2.1 Querying and Culling6.2.2 Conditional Rendering6.3 Timer Queries and Performance Measurememt6.4 Animating Orientation Using Euler Angles6.4.1 Euler Angles and the Orientation of a Rigid Body6.4.2 Animating Orientation6.4.3 Problems with Euler Angles: Gimbal Lock and Ambiguity6.5 Quaternions6.5.1 Quaternion Math 1016.5.2 Quaternions and Orientation6.6 Summary, Notes and More Reading
IV Geometry for the Home Office
7 Convexity and Interpolation
7.1 Motivation7.2 Convex Combinations7.3 Interpolation7.4 Convexity and the Convex Hull7.5 Summary, Notes and More Reading
8 Triangulation
8.1 Definition and Justification8.2 Steiner Vertices and the Quality of a Triangulation8.3 Triangulation in OpenGL and the Trouble with Non-Convexity8.4 Summary, Notes and More Reading
9 Orientation
9.1 Motivation9.2 OpenGL Procedure to Determine Front and Back Faces9.3 Consistently Oriented Triangulation9.4 Culling Obscured Faces9.5 Transformations and the Orientation of Geometric Primitives9.6 Summary, Notes and More Reading
V Making Things Up
10 Modeling in 3D Space
10.1 Curves10.1.1 Specifying Plane Curves10.1.2 Specifying Space Curves10.1.3 Drawing Curves10.1.4 Polynomial and Rational Parametrizations10.1.5 Conic Sections10.1.6 Curves More Formally10.2 Surfaces10.2.1 Polygons10.2.2 Meshes10.2.3 Planar Surfaces10.2.4 General Surfaces10.2.5 Drawing General Surfaces10.2.6 Swept Surfaces10.2.7 Drawing Projects10.2.8 Ruled Surfaces10.2.9 Quadric Surfaces10.2.10 GLU Quadric Objects10.2.11 Regular Polyhedra10.2.12 Surfaces More Formally10.3 Bézier Phrase Book10.3.1 Curves10.3.2 Surfaces10.4 Importing Objects10.5 Fractals10.6 Summary, Notes and More Reading
VI Lights, Camera, Equation
11 Color and Light
11.1 Vision and Color Models11.1.1 RGB Color Model11.1.2 CMY and CMYK Color Models11.1.3 HSV (or HSB) Color Model11.1.4 Summary of the Models11.2 Phong's Lighting Model11.2.1 Phong Basics11.2.2 Specifying Light and Material Values11.2.3 Calculating the Reflected Light11.2.4 First Lighting Equation11.3 OpenGL Light and Material Properties11.3.1 Light Properties11.3.2 Material Properties11.3.3 Experimenting with Properties11.3.4 Color Material Mode11.4 OpenGL Lighting Model11.5 Directional Lights, Positional Lights and Attenuation of Intensity11.6 Spotlights11.7 OpenGL Lighting Equation11.8 OpenGL Shading Models11.9 Animating Light11.10 Partial Derivatives, Tangent Planes and Normal Vectors 10111.11 Computing Normals and Lighting Surfaces11.11.1 Polygons and Planar Surfaces11.11.2 Meshes11.11.3 General Surfaces11.11.4 FreeGLUT, Bézier and Quadric Surfaces11.11.5 Transforming Normals11.11.6 Normalizing Normals11.12 Phong's Shading Model11.13 Lighting Exercises11.14 Summary, Notes and More Reading
12 Texture
12.1 Basics12.2 Texture Space, Coordinates and Map12.3 Repeating and Clamping12.4 Filtering12.5 Specifying the Texture Map12.5.1 Parametrized Surfaces12.5.2 Bézier and Quadric Surfaces12.5.3 Spheres and Mercator Projection12.6 Texture Matrix and Animating Textures12.7 Lighting Textures12.8 Multitexturing12.9 Rendering to Texture with Framebuffer Objects12.10 Summary, Notes and More Reading
13 Special Visual Techniques
13.1 Blending13.1.1 Theory13.1.2 Experiments13.1.3 Opaque and Translucent Objects Together13.1.4 Blending Textures13.1.5 Creating Reflections13.1.6 Motion Blur in World Space13.2 Fog13.3 Billboarding13.4 Antialiasing Points and Lines, Multisampling Polygons13.4.1 Antialiasing13.4.2 Multisampling13.5 Point Sprites13.6 Environment Mapping: Sphere Mapping and Cube Mapping13.6.1 Sphere Mapping13.6.2 Cube Mapping13.7 Stencil Buffer Techniques13.7.1 OpenGL Buffers13.7.2 Using the Stencil Buffer13.8 Image Manipulation13.9 Bump Mapping13.10 Shadow Mapping13.11 Summary, Notes and More Reading
VII Pixels, Pixels, Everywhere
14 Raster Algorithms
14.1 Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipper14.2 Sutherland-Hodgman Polygon Clipper14.3 DDA and Bresenham's Line Rasterizers14.4 Scan-Based Polygon Rasterizer14.4.1 Algorithms14.4.2 Optimizing Using Edge Coherence – Active Edge List14.5 Summary, Notes and More Reading
VIII Programming Pipe Dreams
15 OpenGL 4.3, Shaders and the Programmable Pipeline: Liftoff
15.1 New Pipeline for OpenGL15.1.1 Shaders in the Rendering Pipeline15.1.2 New OpenGL15.2 GLSL Basics15.3 First Core GL 4.3 Program (Dissected)15.4 Animation15.5 Importing Objects15.6 Lighting15.6.1 Per-Vertex Lighting15.6.2 Per-Pixel Lighting15.7 Textures15.7.1 Procedural Textures15.7.2 Specular Maps15.7.3 Normal Maps15.8 Summary, Notes and More Reading
16 OpenGL 4.3, Shaders and the Programmable Pipeline: Escape Velocity
16.1 Toolbox16.1.1 VAOs and Instanced Rendering Instead of Display Lists16.1.2 Clipping Planes16.1.3 Rest of the Toolbox16.2 Shader Control Flow16.2.1 Shader Subroutines16.2.2 Multiple Program Objects16.3 Special Visual Techniques16.3.1 Blending16.3.2 Points and Sprites16.3.3 Remaining Effects16.4 More Animation16.4.1 Picking16.4.2 Transform Feedback16.5 Tessellation Shaders16.5.1 TCS (Tessellation Control Shader)16.5.2 TES (Tessellation Evaluation Shader)16.5.3 TPG (Tessellation Primitive Generator)16.6 Geometry Shaders16.6.1 Particle System with Transform Feedback16.7 Summary, Notes and More Reading
IX A Shader's Web
17 WebGL
17.1 First Weberization of a Shaderized Program17.2 Animation17.3 Importing Objects17.4 Lighting17.5 Textures17.6 Picking17.7 Summary, Notes and More Reading
X Anatomy of Curves and Surfaces
18 Bézier
18.1 Bézier Curves18.1.1 Linear Bézier Curves18.1.2 Quadratic Bézier Curves18.1.3 Cubic Bézier Curves18.1.4 General Bézier Curves18.2 Bézier Surfaces18.3 Problems with Bézier Primitives: Motivating B-Splines18.4 Summary, Notes and More Reading
XI Well Projected
19 Applications of Projective Spaces: OpenGL's Projection Transformations
19.1 OpenGL Projection Transformations19.2 Viewing Box to Canonical Viewing Box19.3 Projective Spaces and Transformations 10119.3.1 Point-Line Duality on the Projective Plane19.3.2 Homogeneous Coordinates on the Projective Plane19.3.3 Embedding the Real Plane in the Projective Plane, Regular Points and Points at Infinity19.3.4 Projective Transformations19.4 Viewing Frustum to Canonical Viewing Box19.4.1 Projection Matrix in the Pipeline19.5 Summary, Notes and More Reading
XII Time for a Pipe
20 Pipeline Operation
20.1 Synthetic-Camera Pipeline20.1.1 Pipeline: Preliminary Version20.1.2 Perspective Division by Zero20.1.3 Rasterization with Perspectively Correct Interpolation20.1.4 Revised Pipeline20.1.5 OpenGL Fixed-function Pipeline20.1.6 1D Primitive Example20.1.7 Exercising the Pipeline20.2 Ray Tracing Pipeline20.2.1 Going Global: Shadows20.2.2 Going Even More Global: Recursive Reflection and Transmission20.2.3 Implementing Ray Tracing20.3 Radiosity20.3.1 Introduction20.3.2 Basic Theory20.3.3 Computing Form Factors20.3.4 Solving the Radiosity Equation to Determine Patch Brightnesses20.3.5 Implementing Radiosity20.4 Summary, Notes and More Reading
A Math Self-Test
B Math Self-Test Solutions
Bibliography
Subject Index
Program Index

Content preview from Computer Graphics Through OpenGL®, 4th Edition

CHAPTER20Pipeline Operation

At the end of Chapter 4 about moving and shaping objects and manipulating the OpenGL camera, we said that it was like having gotten our animator's driver's license. It's time now to look under the hood to understand the whole process, from ignition to motion. So, this chapter is about graphics rendering pipelines – processes that transform a user-defined scene into an image on a raster display.

To avoid inessential complexity, we limit ourselves here to fixed-function pipelines where, once the programmer has specified the scene, she has little further say in the rendering process. OpenGL's synthetic-camera pipeline in its pre-shader (i.e., pre-programmable) form falls in this category. The basic ray tracing pipeline, ...

Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
and much more.

Read now

Unlock full access

More than 5,000 organizations count on O’Reilly

O’Reilly covers everything we've got, with content to help us build a world-class technology community, upgrade the capabilities and competencies of our teams, and improve overall team performance as well as their engagement.

Julian F.

Head of Cybersecurity

I wanted to learn C and C++, but it didn't click for me until I picked up an O'Reilly book. When I went on the O’Reilly platform, I was astonished to find all the books there, plus live events and sandboxes so you could play around with the technology.

Addison B.

Field Engineer

I’ve been on the O’Reilly platform for more than eight years. I use a couple of learning platforms, but I'm on O'Reilly more than anybody else. When you're there, you start learning. I'm never disappointed.

Amir M.

Data Platform Tech Lead

I'm always learning. So when I got on to O'Reilly, I was like a kid in a candy store. There are playlists. There are answers. There's on-demand training. It's worth its weight in gold, in terms of what it allows me to do.

Mark W.

Embedded Software Engineer

Fundamentals of Computer Graphics, 4th Edition

Publisher Resources

ISBN: 9781000618419

Cloud Computing

Data Engineering

Data Science

AI & ML

Programming Languages

Software Architecture

IT/Ops

Security

Design

Business

Soft Skills

Computer Graphics Through OpenGL®, 4th Edition

by Sumanta Guha

CHAPTER20Pipeline Operation

Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
and much more.