Background and Overview of the COSMIC-ISO 19761 ◾ 51
© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Risks should not be included into the eort and cost estimates, but they should be
considered as options in the project contracts.
As a summary of this section, there are several more or less useful and easy-
to-use methods available for completing the eort estimates and benchmarking
measurements. With a reasonably small amount of training, the project managers
and business managers can learn to apply these methods in their own projects. At
least they should learn to read the results of these analyses, so that they can use
them in decision making and process improvement. e measurements can always
be outsourced to external experts, though the cost-eec ...