book

Fieldbus and Networking in Process Automation

by Sunit Kumar Sen

December 2017

Intermediate to advanced

461 pages

11h 39m

English

CRC Press

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1.1 Introduction1.2 Comparison Between Digital and Analog Communication1.3 Data Communication1.3.1 Main Characteristics1.4 Data Types1.5 Data Transfer Characteristics1.6 Data Flow Methods1.7 Transmission Modes1.7.1 Parallel1.7.2 Serial1.7.3 Asynchronous1.7.4 Synchronous1.7.5 Isochronous1.8 Use of Modems1.9 Power Spectral Density1.10 Transmission Impairments1.11 Data Rate and Bandwidth Relationship1.12 Multiplexing1.12.1 Introduction1.12.2 Types1.12.3 FDM1.12.4 WDM1.12.5 TDM1.12.5.1 Synchronous TDM1.12.5.2 Statistical TDM1.12.6 Variable Data Rate1.12.7 Multilevel Multiplexing1.12.8 Multislot Multiplexing1.12.9 Pulse Stuffing Multiplexing1.13 Spread Spectrum1.13.1 Introduction1.13.2 FHSS1.13.3 DSSS1.13.4 Comparison between FHSS and DSSS1.13.5 Advantages of Spread Spectrum1.14 Data Coding1.14.1 Introduction1.14.2 Characteristics of a Line Code1.14.3 Types
2.1 Introduction2.2 Characteristics2.3 Connection Types2.4 Data Communication Standards and Organizations2.5 Network Topology2.5.1 Mesh2.5.2 Star2.5.3 Bus2.5.4 Ring2.5.5 Hybrid2.6 Network Applications2.7 Network Components2.8 Classification of Networks2.8.1 LANs2.8.2 MANs2.8.3 WANs2.8.4 GANs2.8.5 Building and Campus Backbone and Enterprise Network2.9 Interconnection of Networks
3.1 Introduction3.2 Three-Layer Model3.3 OSI Model3.3.1 Physical Layer3.3.2 Data Link Layer3.3.3 Network Layer3.3.4 Transport Layer3.3.5 Session Layer3.3.6 Presentation Layer3.3.7 Application Layer3.4 TCP/IP Protocol Suite3.4.1 Introduction3.4.2 Protocol Architecture3.4.2.1 TCP3.4.2.1.1 Window Principle3.4.2.1.2 Congestion Control3.4.2.2 UDP3.4.2.3 IP3.4.3 Operation3.4.4 PDUs in Architecture3.4.5 Addressing3.4.5.1 Physical3.4.5.2 Logical3.4.5.3 Port3.4.5.4 Specific
4.1 Introduction4.2 Communication Hierarchy in Factory Automation4.3 I/O Bus Networks4.3.1 Types4.3.2 Network and Protocol Standards4.3.3 Advantages4.4 Osi Reference Model4.5 Networking At I/O and Field Levels4.6 Networking at Control Level4.7 Networking at Enterprise/Management Level

5.1 What Is a Fieldbus?5.1.1 Evolution5.1.2 Architectural Progress5.1.3 Types5.1.4 Expanded Network View5.2 Topologies5.2.1 Point-to-Point5.2.2 Bus with Spurs5.2.3 Tree (Chicken Foot)5.2.4 Daisy Chain5.2.5 Mixed Topology5.3 Terminators5.4 Fieldbus Benefits
6.1 Introduction6.2 Evolution and Adaptation of Hart Protocol6.3 Hart and Smart Devices6.4 Hart Encoding and Waveform6.5 Hart Character6.6 Addressing6.7 Arbitration6.8 Communication Modes6.9 Hart Networks6.10 Field Device Calibration6.11 Hart Communication Layers6.11.1 Physical Layer6.11.2 Data Link Layer6.11.3 Application Layer6.12 Installation And Guidelines for Hart Networks6.13 Device Descriptions6.14 Application in Control Systems6.15 Application In Scada6.16 Benefits
7.1 Introduction7.2 Definition and Features7.3 Foundation Fieldbus Data Types7.4 Architecture7.5 Standards7.6 H1 Benefits7.7 Hse Benefits7.7.1 Interoperability of Subsystems7.7.2 Function Blocks7.7.3 Control Backbone7.7.4 Standard Ethernet7.8 Communication Process7.8.1 OSI Reference Model7.8.2 PDU7.8.3 Physical Layer7.8.3.1 Manchester Coding7.8.3.2 Signaling7.8.4 Data Link Layer7.8.4.1 Medium Access Control7.8.4.2 Addresses7.8.4.3 LAS and Device Types7.8.5 Application Layer7.8.5.1 FAS7.8.5.2 FMS7.9 Technology of Foundation Fieldbus7.9.1 User Application Blocks7.9.2 Resource Block7.9.3 Function Block7.9.3.1 Function Block Library7.9.3.2 Function Block Scheduling7.9.3.3 Application Clock Distribution7.9.3.4 Macrocycle and Elementary Cycle7.9.3.5 Device Address Assignment7.9.3.6 Tag Service7.9.4 Transducer Block7.9.5 Support Objects7.10 Linking and Scheduling of Blocks7.11 Device Information7.11.1 Device Description7.11.2 Device Description Language7.11.3 DD Tokenizer7.11.4 DD Services7.11.5 DD Hierarchy7.11.6 Capabilities File7.11.7 Device Identification7.12 Redundancy7.12.1 Host-Level Redundancy7.12.1.1 Media Redundancy7.12.1.2 Network Redundancy7.12.1.3 Media and Network Redundancy7.12.2 Sensor Redundancy7.12.3 Transmitter Redundancy7.13 Hse Device Types7.14 System Configuration7.14.1 System Design7.14.2 Device Configuration
8.1 Introduction8.2 Profibus Family8.3 Transmission Technology8.4 Communication Protocols8.5 Device Classes8.6 Profibus in Automation8.7 Osi Model of Profibus Protocol Stack8.8 Profibus-Dp Characteristics8.8.1 Version DP-VO8.8.1.1 Diagnostic Functions8.8.1.2 Synchronization and Freeze Mode8.8.1.3 System configuration8.8.1.4 Time monitors8.8.1.5 Token-Passing characteristics8.8.2 Version DP-V18.8.2.1 cyclic and Acyclic communication8.8.3 Version DP-V28.8.3.1 Slave-to-Slave communication8.8.3.2 Isochronous Mode8.8.3.3 Clock Control8.8.3.4 Upload and Download8.8.3.5 HART on DP8.8.3.6 Comparison between DP-V0, DP-V1, and DP-V28.8.4 Communication Profile8.8.5 Physical Layer8.8.5.1 Transmission Speed vs. Segment Length8.8.6 Data Link Layer8.8.7 DDLM and User Interface8.8.8 State Diagram of Slave8.8.9 Addressing with Slot and Index8.9 Profibus-Pa Characteristics8.9.1 Bus Access Method8.9.4 PA Block Model8.9.4.1 Transducer Block8.9.4.2 Physical Block8.9.4.3 Function Block8.9.4.4 Device Management Block8.10 Network Configuration8.11 Bus Monitor8.12 Time Stamp8.13 Redundancy8.14 Profisafe8.15 Profidrive8.16 Profinet8.17 Profibus International8.18 Foundation Fieldbus and Profibus—A Comparison
9.1 Introduction9.2 Communication Stack9.3 Network Architecture9.4 communication transactions9.4.1 Master-Slave and Broadcast Communication9.4.2 Query-Response Cycle9.4.2.1 Address Field9.4.2.2 Function Field9.4.2.3 Data Field9.4.2.4 Error check Field9.5 Protocol Description: PDU And ADU9.6 Transmission Modes9.6.1 ASCII Mode9.6.2 RTU Mode9.7 Message Framing9.7.1 ASCII Framing9.7.2 RTU Framing9.8 Modbus TCP/IP9.10 Message Frame9.11 Networking Modbus Plus
10.1 Introduction10.2 Features10.3 Types10.3.1 Speed vs. Bus Length10.4 Can Frames10.5 Can Data Frame10.6 Can Arbitration10.6.1 CAN Communication10.7 Types of Errors10.8 Error States
11.1 Introduction11.2 Features11.3 Object Model11.4 Protocol Layers11.5 Physical Layer11.6 Data Link Layer11.7 Application Layer11.8 Power Supply And Cables11.9 Error States
12.1 Introduction12.2 Features12.3 Different Versions12.4 Topology12.5 Protocol Layers12.6 Physical Layer12.7 Data Link Layer12.8 Execution Control12.9 Modulation Technique
13.1 Introduction13.2 Features13.3 Physical Layer13.4 Data Link Layer13.5 Data Integrity
14.1 Introduction14.2 Features14.3 Operation14.4 Topology14.5 Protocol Structure14.5.1 Physical Layer14.5.2 Data Link Layer
15.1 Introduction15.2 Features15.3 ProducerConsumer Model15.4 Controlnet Media15.5 Physical Layer15.6 Data Link Layer15.7 Network and Transport Layers15.8 Presentation Layer15.9 Application Layer
16.1 INTRODUCTION16.2 Hazardous Area16.3 Hazardous Area Classification16.3.1 DIVISION CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM16.3.2 ZONE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM16.4 Explosion Protection Types16.5 Intrinsic Safety in Fieldbus Systems16.6 Entity Concept16.7 Fisco Model16.8 Redundant Fisco Model16.9 Multidrop Fisco Model16.10 Hptc Model16.11 Dart Model16.12 PERFORMANCE SUMMARY16.13 CONCLUSION
17.1 INTRODUCTION17.2 Hart Wiring17.2.1 SURGE PROTECTION17.2.2 DEVICE COMMISSIONING17.3 Building a Fieldbus Network17.3.1 MULTIFIELDBUS DEVICES17.3.2 EXPANDING THE NETWORK17.3.2.1 NICs17.3.2.2 Hubs17.3.2.3 Repeaters17.3.2.4 Switches17.3.2.5 Bridges17.3.2.6 Routers17.3.2.7 Gateways17.3.2.8 Routers vs. Gateways17.4 Powering Fieldbus Devices17.5 SHIELDING17.6 CABLES17.7 Number of Spurs and Devices Per Segment17.8 POLARITY17.9 Segment Voltage and Current Calculations17.10 Linking Device17.11 Device Coupler17.12 Communication Signals17.13 Device Commissioning17.13.1 FOUNDATION FIELDBUS DEVICE COMMISSIONING17.13.2 PROFIBUS-PA FIELDBUS DEVICE COMMISSIONING17.14 Host Commissioning17.15 Wiring and Addressing Via Ethernet and Ip17.16 ETHERNET17.16.1 IEEE ETHERNET STANDARDS17.16.2 TOPOLOGIES17.17 Ip Basics17.18 Ip Commissioning17.18.1 SUBNET17.19 Manual Ip Configuration17.20 Automatic Ip Configuration
18.1 INTRODUCTION18.2 Wireless Communication18.2.1 WIRED VS. WIRELESS18.2.2 ISM BAND18.2.3 WIRELESS STANDARDS18.2.3.1 WiFi18.2.3.2 WiMax18.2.3.3 Bluetooth18.2.3.4 ZigBee18.2.3.5 WHART18.2.3.6 ISA100.11a18.2.4 MEDIA ACCESS18.2.5 TOPOLOGY18.3 Wireless Sensor Networks18.3.1 COEXISTENCE ISSUES18.3.2 WSNS IN INDUSTRIAL NETWORKS18.3.3 BENEFITS OF INDUSTRIAL WSNS
19.1 INTRODUCTION19.2 Key Features19.3 Whart Network Architecture19.4 Protocol Stack19.4.1 PHYSICAL LAYER19.4.2 DATA LINK LAYER19.4.3 NETWORK LAYER19.4.4 TRANSPORT LAYER19.4.5 APPLICATION LAYER19.5 Network Components19.5.1 NETWORK MANAGER19.5.2 SECURITY MANAGER19.5.3 GATEWAY19.5.4 ADAPTER19.6 Addressing Control19.6.1 SAMPLE INTERVAL19.6.2 LATENCY AND JITTER19.7 Coexistence Techniques19.7.1 CHANNEL HOPPING19.7.2 DSSS19.7.3 LOW POWER TRANSMISSION19.7.4 BLACKLISTING AND CHANNEL ASSESSMENT19.7.5 SPATIAL DIVERSITY19.8 TIME-SYNCHRONIZED MESH PROTOCOL (TSMP)19.9 SECURITY19.9.1 OSI LAYER-BASED SECURITY IN HART AND WHART19.9.2 END-TO-END SECURITY19.9.3 NPDU19.9.3.1 Security Control Byte19.9.3.2 Message Integrity Code (MIC)19.9.3.3 AES-CCM19.9.3.4 AES-CCM-CBC-MAC19.10 Security Threats19.10.1 INTERFERENCE19.10.2 JAMMING19.10.3 SYBIL ATTACK19.10.4 COLLUSION19.10.5 TAMPERING19.10.6 SPOOFING19.10.7 EXHAUSTION19.10.8 DOS19.10.9 TRAFFIC ANALYSIS19.10.10 WORMHOLE19.10.11 SELECTIVE FORWARDING ATTACK19.10.12 DESYNCHRONIZATION19.10.13 SECURITY tHREATS AT DIFFERENT PROTOCOL LAYERS19.11 REDUNDANCY19.11.1 REDUNDANCY IN WSN19.11.2 REDUNDANCY AT NETWORK ACCESS POINTS19.11.3 REDUNDANCY AT GATEWAY, NETWORK MANAGER, AND SECURITY MANAGER19.12 Security Keys in Whart19.12.1 JOIN KEY19.12.2 SESSION KEYS19.12.3 NETWORK KEY19.12.4 HANDHELD KEY19.12.5 WELL-KNOWN KEY19.13 Key Management19.13.1 KEY GENERATION19.13.2 KEY STORAGE19.13.3 KEY DISTRIBUTION19.13.4 KEY RENEWAL19.13.5 KEY REVOCATION19.13.6 KEY VETTING19.13.7 SHORTCOMINGS19.14 WHART NETWORK FORMATION19.15 Hart and Whart—A Comparison19.16 Hart and Whart—Integration
20.1 INTRODUCTION20.2 Scope of Isa10020.3 ISA100 WORKING GROUP20.4 FEATURES20.5 SENSOR CLASSES20.6 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION20.7 CONVERGENCE BETWEEN ISA100.11A AND WHART20.8 NAMUR proposal20.9 ARCHITECTURE20.9.1 DIFFERENCES WITH WHART20.9.2 ROUTING ABILITY OF DEVICES20.9.3 SUBNET20.9.4 PROVISIONING DEVICE20.9.5 BACKBONE ROUTERS20.9.6 DEVICE MANAGEMENT DATA FLOW20.9.7 SYSTEM MANAGEMENT ARCHITECTURE20.9.8 SYSTEM MANAGEMENT APPLICATION PROCESS20.10 Comparison Between Isa100.11A and Whart Protocol Stacks20.11 Physical Layer20.12 Data Link Layer20.12.1 PROTOCOL DATA UNIT20.12.2 COEXISTENCE ISSUES IN DLL20.12.2.1 TDMA20.12.2.1.1 Slotted20.12.2.1.2 Slow20.12.2.1.4 Default20.12.2.2 Collision Avoidance20.12.2.3 Frequency Diversity20.12.2.4 Spectrum Management20.12.3 ROUTING IN DLL2.12.4 NEIGHBORHOOD DISCOVERY2.12.5 DLL CHARACTERISTICS20.13 Network Layer20.13.1 FUNCTIONALITY20.13.2 HEADER FORMATS20.13.2.1 Basic20.13.2.2 Contract Enabled20.13.2.3 Full IPv620.13.3 SUMMARY OF HEADER DIFFERENCES20.13.4 6LoWPAN20.13.5 DATA FLOW BETWEEN TWO SUBNETS20.14 Transport Layer20.14.1 PROTOCOL DATA UNIT20.14.2 SECURITY2.14.3 Session and CONTRACT20.15 Application Layer20.15.1 STRUCTURE20.15.2 PROTOCOL DATA UNIT20.15.3 COMMUNICATION MODEL20.15.4 OBJECTS, THEIR ADDRESSING, AND MERITS20.15.5 GATEWAY20.15.5.1 Gateway Service Access Point20.16 Keys IN ISA100.11A20.16.1 JOINING BY SYMMETRIC KEY—A COMPARISON BETWEEN ISA100.11A AND WHART20.16.1.1 Protection of Join Messages20.16.1.2 Key Agreement and Distribution20.16.2 ASYMMETRIC KEYS20.16.2.1 Asymmetric Key-Based Join process20.16.2.2 Key Agreement and Distribution20.16.2.3 Security Policy20.17 PROVISIONING OVERVIEW20.17.1 DIFFERENT KEYS20.17.2 CONFIGURATION BITS20.17.3 PROVISIONING DATA FLOW BETWEEN PD AND DBP20.17.4 REQUIREMENT FOR JOINING20.17.5 DIFFERENCES IN PROVISIONING BETWEEN ISA100.11 A AND WHART20.18 Data Delivery Reliability20.19 TWO-LAYER SECURITY20.20 C0MMUNICATIONS IN ISA100.11A20.21 ISA100.11A AND WHART—A COMPARISON20.22 Conclusion

Content preview from Fieldbus and Networking in Process Automation

Interbus-S is an open architecture, serial bus, mater-slave type fieldbus communication system that operates in an active ring topology. It consists of one master and up to 511 slave devices. Each slave has an input and an output connector. It was developed by Phoenix Contact in 1984 to interchange data between control systems such as personal computers (PCs), programmable logic controllers (PLCs), and distributed input/output (I/O) modules that communicate with sensors/actuators. A maximum of 4096 digital I/O points for a maximum distance of 400 m can be connected via this network. These points can be updated in 14 ms by employing a variable frame transfer protocol. This time can further be reduced by employing ...