
Preliminaries
1.1 HUMANS, ERRORS, AND TESTING
Errors are a part of our daily life. Humans make errors in their thoughts,
in their actions, and in the products that might result from their actions.
Errors occur almost everywhere. Humans can make errors in any field,
for example in observation, in speech, in medical prescription, in surgery,
in driving, in sports, in love, and similarly even in software development.
Table 1.1 provides examples of human errors. The consequences of hu-
man errors vary significantly. An error might be insignificant in that it
leads to a gentle friendly smile, such as when a slip of tongue occurs. Or,
an error may lead to a