December 2025
Beginner
1472 pages
27h 42m
English
by Robert I. Sutton and Huggy Rao
Editor’s note: Robert I. Sutton and Huggy Rao are coauthors of The Friction Project: How Smart Leaders Make the Right Things Easier and the Wrong Things Harder (St. Martin’s Press, 2024), from which this article is adapted.
In August 1940, as his country prepared for waves of attacks by German planes, Britain’s prime minister, Winston Churchill, set out to address a different enemy: lengthy reports. In his 234-word “Brevity” memo, he implored the members of his war cabinet and their staffs to “see to it that their reports are shorter.” Churchill urged them to write “short, crisp paragraphs,” to move complex arguments or statistics to appendices, and ...
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