Linux in a Nutshell, Fifth Edition

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Chapter 3: Linux Commands

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Copyright © 2006 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.

Options

-n number, -number

Choose how many lines of logins to display. Thus, last -7 or

last -n 7 displays seven lines.

-R Do not show the hostname from which logins originated.

-a Display the hostname from which logins originated.

-d Display both IP address and hostname.

-f filename

Get the list of logins from a file you choose. The default source

is /var/log/wtmp.

-i Display IP address and hostname. Display the IP address in

the numbers-and-dots notation.

-o Read an old-style (libc5 application) wtmp file. Not likely to be

useful on newer systems.

-x Display shutdown messages and runlevel messages.

lastb

lastb [options] [username] [ttynumber]

Display a list of recent bad login attempts (from the /var/log/btmp

file). Accepts the same option flags and arguments as last.

lastlog

lastlog [options]

System administration command. Print the last login times for

system accounts. Login information is read from the file /var/log/

lastlog.

Options

-tn, --time n

Print only logins more recent than n days ago.

-uname, --user name

Print only login information for user name.

ld

ld [options] objfiles

Combine several objfiles, in the specified order, into a single

executable object module (a.out by default). ld is the link editor

and is often invoked automatically by compiler commands.