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OpenGL® Programming Guide: The Official Guide to Learning OpenGL®, Version 4.5 with SPIR-V, Ninth Edition

Name: OpenGL® Programming Guide: The Official Guide to Learning OpenGL®, Version 4.5 with SPIR-V, Ninth Edition
ISBN: 9780134495514

by John Kessenich, Graham Sellers, Dave Shreiner

July 2016

Intermediate to advanced

944 pages

25h 30m

English

Addison-Wesley Professional

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About This E-Book
Title Page
Copyright Page
Praise for previous editions of OpenGL® Programming Guide
Dedication Page
Contents
Figures
Tables
Examples
About This Guide
What This Guide ContainsWhat’s New in This EditionWhat You Should Know Before Reading This GuideHow to Obtain the Sample CodeErrataStyle ConventionsAbout the OpenGL Series

Acknowledgments
John KessenichGraham SellersDave Shreiner
Chapter 1. Introduction to OpenGL
What Is OpenGL?Your First Look at an OpenGL ProgramOpenGL SyntaxOpenGL’s Rendering PipelinePreparing to Send Data to OpenGLSending Data to OpenGLVertex ShadingTessellation ShadingGeometry ShadingPrimitive AssemblyClippingRasterizationFragment ShadingPer-Fragment OperationsOur First Program: A Detailed DiscussionEntering main()OpenGL InitializationOur First OpenGL Drawing
Chapter 2. Shader Fundamentals
Shaders and OpenGLOpenGL’s Programmable PipelineAn Overview of the OpenGL Shading LanguageCreating Shaders with GLSLStorage QualifiersStatementsComputational InvarianceShader PreprocessorCompiler ControlGlobal Shader-Compilation OptionInterface BlocksUniform BlocksSpecifying Uniform Blocks in ShadersAccessing Uniform Blocks from Your ApplicationBuffer BlocksIn/Out Blocks, Locations, and ComponentsCompiling ShadersShader SubroutinesAdvancedGLSL Subroutine SetupSelecting Shader SubroutinesSeparate Shader ObjectsAdvancedSPIR-VReasons to Choose SPIR-VUsing SPIR-V with OpenGLUsing GLSL to Generate SPIR-V for OpenGLGlslangWhat’s Inside SPIR-V?
Chapter 3. Drawing with OpenGL
OpenGL Graphics PrimitivesPointsLines, Strips, and LoopsTriangles, Strips, and FansData in OpenGL BuffersCreating and Allocating BuffersGetting Data into and out of BuffersAccessing the Content of BuffersDiscarding Buffer DataVertex SpecificationVertexAttribPointer in DepthStatic Vertex-Attribute SpecificationOpenGL Drawing CommandsRestarting PrimitivesInstanced Rendering
Chapter 4. Color, Pixels, and Fragments
Basic Color TheoryBuffers and Their UsesColor BuffersDepth BufferStencil BufferClearing BuffersMasking BuffersColor and OpenGLColor Representation and OpenGLSmoothly Interpolating DataTesting and Operating on FragmentsScissor TestMultisample Fragment OperationsStencil TestStencil ExamplesDepth TestBlendingLogical OperationsOcclusion QueryConditional RenderingMultisamplingSample ShadingPer-Primitive AntialiasingAntialiasing LinesAntialiasing PolygonsReading and Copying Pixel DataClamping Returned ValuesCopying Pixel Rectangles
Chapter 5. Viewing Transformations, Culling, Clipping, and Feedback
ViewingViewing ModelCamera ModelOrthographic Viewing ModelUser TransformationsMatrix Multiply RefresherHomogeneous CoordinatesLinear Transformations and MatricesTransforming NormalsOpenGL MatricesOpenGL TransformationsAdvanced: User Culling and ClippingControlling OpenGL TransformationsTransform FeedbackTransform Feedback ObjectsTransform Feedback BuffersConfiguring Transform Feedback VaryingsStarting and Stopping Transform FeedbackTransform Feedback Example—Particle System
Chapter 6. Textures and Framebuffers
Introduction to TexturingBasic Texture TypesCreating and Initializing TexturesProxy TexturesSpecifying Texture DataExplicitly Setting Texture DataLoading Textures from BuffersLoading Images from FilesRetrieving Texture DataTexture Data LayoutTexture FormatsInternal FormatsExternal FormatsCompressed TexturesSampler ObjectsSampler ParametersUsing TexturesTexture CoordinatesArranging Texture DataUsing Multiple TexturesComplex Texture Types3D TexturesArray TexturesCube-Map TexturesShadow SamplersDepth-Stencil TexturesBuffer Textures
Texture Views
FilteringLinear FilteringUsing and Generating MipmapsCalculating the Mipmap LevelMipmap Level-of-Detail ControlAdvanced Texture Lookup FunctionsExplicit Level of DetailExplicit Gradient SpecificationTexture Fetch with OffsetsProjective TexturingTexture Queries in ShadersGathering TexelsCombining Special FunctionsBindless TexturesTexture HandlesTexture ResidencySampling Bindless TexturesSparse TexturesSparse Texture CommitmentSparse Texture PagesPoint SpritesTextured Point SpritesControlling the Appearance of PointsFramebuffer ObjectsRendering to Texture MapsDiscarding Rendered DataRenderbuffersCreating Renderbuffer StorageFramebuffer AttachmentsFramebuffer CompletenessInvalidating FramebuffersWriting to Multiple Renderbuffers SimultaneouslySelecting Color Buffers for Writing and ReadingDual-Source BlendingChapter SummaryTexture ReduxTexture Best Practices
Chapter 7. Light and Shadow
Lighting IntroductionClassic Lighting ModelFragment Shaders for Different Light StylesMoving Calculations to the Vertex ShaderMultiple Lights and MaterialsLighting Coordinate SystemsLimitations of the Classic Lighting ModelAdvanced Lighting ModelsHemisphere LightingImage-Based LightingLighting with Spherical HarmonicsShadow MappingCreating a Shadow MapUsing a Shadow Map
Chapter 8. Procedural Texturing
Procedural TexturingRegular PatternsToy BallLatticeProcedural Shading SummaryBump MappingApplication SetupVertex ShaderFragment ShaderNormal MapsAntialiasing Procedural TexturesSources of AliasingAvoiding AliasingIncreasing ResolutionAntialiasing High FrequenciesFrequency ClampingProcedural Antialiasing SummaryNoiseDefinition of NoiseNoise TexturesTrade-OffsA Simple Noise ShaderTurbulenceMarbleGraniteWoodNoise SummaryFurther Information
Chapter 9. Tessellation Shaders
Tessellation ShadersTessellation PatchesTessellation Control ShadersGenerating Output-Patch VerticesTessellation Control Shader VariablesControlling TessellationTessellation Evaluation ShadersSpecifying the Primitive Generation DomainSpecifying the Face Winding for Generated PrimitivesSpecifying the Spacing of Tessellation CoordinatesAdditional Tessellation Evaluation Shader layout OptionsSpecifying a Vertex’s PositionTessellation Evaluation Shader VariablesA Tessellation Example: The TeapotProcessing Patch Input VerticesEvaluating Tessellation Coordinates for the TeapotAdditional Tessellation TechniquesView-Dependent TessellationShared Tessellated Edges and CrackingDisplacement Mapping
Chapter 10. Geometry Shaders
Creating a Geometry ShaderGeometry Shader Inputs and OutputsGeometry Shader InputsSpecial Geometry Shader PrimitivesGeometry Shader OutputsProducing PrimitivesCulling GeometryGeometry AmplificationAdvanced Transform FeedbackMultiple Output StreamsPrimitive QueriesUsing Transform Feedback ResultsGeometry Shader InstancingMultiple Viewports and Layered RenderingViewport IndexLayered RenderingChapter SummaryGeometry Shader ReduxGeometry Shader Best Practices
Chapter 11. Memory
Using Textures for Generic Data StorageBinding Textures to Image UnitsReading and Writing to ImagesShader Storage Buffer ObjectsWriting Structured DataAtomic Operations and SynchronizationAtomic Operations on ImagesAtomic Operations on BuffersSync ObjectsImage Qualifiers and BarriersHigh-Performance Atomic CountersExample: Order-Independent TransparencyPrinciples of OperationInitializationRenderingSorting and BlendingResults
Chapter 12. Compute Shaders
OverviewWorkgroups and DispatchKnowing Where You AreCommunication and SynchronizationCommunicationSynchronizationExamplesPhysical SimulationImage ProcessingChapter SummaryCompute Shader ReduxCompute Shader Best Practices
Appendix A. Support Libraries
Basics of GLFW: The OpenGL Utility FrameworkInitializing and Creating a WindowHandling User InputControlling the WindowShutting Down CleanlyGL3W: OpenGL Glue
Appendix B. OpenGL ES and WebGL
OpenGL ESWebGLSetting Up WebGL Within an HTML5 PageInitializing Shaders in WebGLInitializing Vertex Data in WebGLUsing Texture Maps in WebGL
Appendix C. Built-in GLSL Variables and Functions
Built-in VariablesBuilt-in Variable DeclarationsBuilt-in Variable DescriptionsBuilt-in ConstantsBuilt-in FunctionsAngle and Trigonometry FunctionsExponential FunctionsCommon FunctionsFloating-Point Pack and Unpack FunctionsGeometric FunctionsMatrix FunctionsVector Relational FunctionsInteger FunctionsTexture FunctionsAtomic-Counter FunctionsAtomic Memory FunctionsImage FunctionsFragment Processing FunctionsGeometry Shader FunctionsShader Invocation Control FunctionsShader Memory Control Functions
Appendix D. State Variables
The Query CommandsOpenGL State VariablesCurrent Values and Associated DataVertex Array Object StateVertex Array DataBuffer Object StateTransformation StateColoring StateRasterization StateMultisamplingTexturesPixel OperationsFramebuffer ControlsFramebuffer StateRenderbuffer StatePixel StateShader Object StateShader Program Pipeline Object StateShader Program Object StateProgram Interface StateProgram Object Resource StateVertex and Geometry Shader StateQuery Object StateImage StateTransform Feedback StateAtomic Counter StateShader Storage Buffer StateSync Object StateHintsCompute Dispatch StateImplementation-Dependent ValuesTessellation Shader Implementation-Dependent LimitsGeometry Shader Implementation-Dependent LimitsFragment Shader Implementation-Dependent LimitsImplementation-Dependent Compute Shader LimitsImplementation-Dependent Shader LimitsImplementation-Dependent Debug Output StateImplementation-Dependent ValuesInternal Format-Dependent ValuesImplementation-Dependent Transform Feedback LimitsFramebuffer-Dependent ValuesMiscellaneous
Appendix E. Homogeneous Coordinates and Transformation Matrices
Homogeneous CoordinatesTransforming VerticesTransforming NormalsTransformation MatricesTranslationScalingRotationPerspective ProjectionOrthographic Projection
Appendix F. Floating-Point Formats for Textures, Framebuffers, and Renderbuffers
Reduced-Precision Floating-Point Values16-Bit Floating-Point Values10- and 11-Bit Unsigned Floating-Point Values
Appendix G. Debugging and Profiling OpenGL
Creating a Debug ContextDebug OutputDebug MessagesFiltering MessagesApplication-Generated MessagesDebug GroupsNaming ObjectsProfilingProfiling ToolsIn-Application Profiling
Appendix H. Buffer Object Layouts
Using Standard Layout QualifiersThe std140 Layout RulesThe std430 Layout Rules
Glossary
Index
Code Snippets

Content preview from OpenGL® Programming Guide: The Official Guide to Learning OpenGL®, Version 4.5 with SPIR-V, Ninth Edition

Chapter 7. Light and Shadow

Chapter Objectives

After reading this chapter, you’ll be able to do the following:

• Code a spectrum of fragment shaders to light surfaces with ambient, diffuse, and specular lighting from multiple light sources.

• Migrate lighting code between fragment and vertex shaders, based on quality and performance trade-offs.

• Use a single shader to apply a collection of lights to a variety of materials.

• Select among a variety of alternative lighting models.

• Have the objects in your scene cast shadows onto other objects.

In the real world, we see things because they reflect light from a light source or because they are light sources themselves. In computer graphics, just as in real life, we won’t be able to see an object ...

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OpenGL® Programming Guide: The Official Guide to Learning OpenGL®, Version 4.5 with SPIR-V, Ninth Edition

by John Kessenich, Graham Sellers, Dave Shreiner

Chapter 7. Light and Shadow

Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
and much more.