book

Solid State Physics

Name: Solid State Physics
Author: R. J. Singh
ISBN: 9788131754016

by R. J. Singh

June 2011

Intermediate to advanced

604 pages

20h 54m

English

Pearson India

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Cover
Title Page
Brief Contents
Contents
About the Author
Dedication
Preface
Chapter 1. Crystal Structure
1.1 Introduction1.2 Lattice and Basis1.3 Lattice Translation Vector1.4 Primitive Cells and Unit Cells1.5 Wigner–Seitz Cell1.6 Indexing of Planes, Directions, and Positions of Atoms1.7 Crystal Systems1.8 Bravais Lattices1.9 Symmetry Operations1.10 Point Groups1.11 Space Groups1.12 Screw Axis1.13 Glide Plane1.14 Types of Lattices (in 2D and 3D)1.15 Some Crystal Structures1.16 Close-packed Structure1.17 BCC Structure1.18 Cesium Chloride1.19 Sodium Chloride1.20 Diamond Structure1.21 Zincblende Structure1.22 Simple Cubic Structure1.23 Polymorphism and PolytypismSummaryProblemsReferences
Chapter 2. Crystal Structure Determination
2.1 X-Ray Diffraction2.2 Laue's Treatment2.3 Bragg's Treatment2.4 Experimental Methods of X-Ray Diffraction2.4.1 Laue's Method2.4.2 Rotating Crystal Method2.4.3 Powder Method2.5 Intensity of X-Ray Reflections2.5.1 Atomic Scattering Factor2.5.2 Geometrical Structure Factor2.5.3 Other Factors Affecting Intensity2.6 Reciprocal Lattice2.6.1 Square Lattice2.6.2 Parallelogram Lattice2.6.3 Monoclinic Lattice2.6.4 Relation Between Direct Lattice and Reciprocal Lattice Vectors2.6.5 Reciprocal to Simple Cubic Lattice2.6.6 Reciprocal to BCC Lattice2.6.7 Reciprocal to FCC Lattice2.6.8 Reciprocal Space or Fourier Space or k Space2.7 Bragg's Law in Ewald Construction2.8 Brillouin Zones2.8.1 Brillouin Zones of Square Planar Lattice2.8.2 Brillouin Zones of BCC Lattice2.8.3 First BZ of FCC Lattice2.9 Electron Diffraction2.10 Neutron DiffractionSummaryProblemsReferences
Chapter 3. Crystal Binding
3.1 Introduction3.2 Ionic Bonding3.3 Covalent Bonding3.4 Metallic Bonding3.5 Bonding in Inert Gases3.6 Hydrogen BondSummaryProblemsReferences

Chapter 4. Lattice Vibrations
4.1 Elastic Waves4.2 Vibrations of 1D Monoatomic Lattice4.3 Vibrations of a 1D Diatomic Lattice4.3.1 Optical Branches in Ionic Crystals (Infrared Absorption)4.3.2 Three-dimensional Lattice4.4 Phonons4.5 Experimental Determination of Dispersion Relations for Lattice Vibrations by Inelastic Neutron ScatteringSummaryProblemsReferences
Chapter 5. Thermal Properties of Solids
5.1 Introduction5.2 Dulong–Petit's Law5.3 Einstein Theory of Specific Heat5.4 Debye's Theory of Specific Heat5.5 Thermal Expansion5.6 Thermal Conductivity5.7 Factors Affecting Thermal ConductivitySummaryProblemsReferences
Chapter 6. Dielectric Properties
6.1 Introduction6.2 Local Field6.3 Clausius–Mossotti Relation6.4 Components of Polarizability6.4.1 Electronic Polarizability6.4.2 Ionic Polarizability6.4.3 Orientational Polarizability6.4.4 Total Polarizability6.5 Measurement of Dielectric Constant6.6 Ferroelectricity6.7 Electrets (Including Magnetoelectrets and Photoelectrets)6.8 Hysteresis (Including Domains and Pyroelectricity)6.9 Piezoelectricity6.10 Electrostriction6.11 ApplicationsSummaryProblemsReferences
Chapter 7. Free Electron Theory of Metals: Part 1: Model and Applications to Static Properties
7.1 Introduction7.2 Electrical Conductivity (Drude Explanation)7.3 Thermal Conductivity7.4 Other Metallic Properties7.4.1 Specific Heat7.4.2 Paramagnetic Susceptibility7.4.3 Diamagnetic Susceptibility7.4.4 Lorentz Treatment7.5 Sommerfeld Treatment of Electron Gas7.6 Fermi—Dirac Statistics7.7 Density of Electronic States7.8 Some Other Metallic Properties7.8.1 Paramagnetic Susceptibility of Electron Gas7.8.2 Electronic Specific Heat7.8.3 Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Free ElectronsSummaryProblemsReferences
Chapter 8. Free Electron Theory of Metals: Part 2: Applications to Transport Properties
8.1 Boltzmann Transport Equation8.2 Sommerfeld Theory of Electrical Conductivity and Related Phenomena8.2.1 Sommerfeld Theory of Electrical Conductivity8.2.2 Thermal Conductivity in Metals8.2.3 Hall Effect (Metals)8.2.4 Hall Effect (Semiconductors)8.2.5 Temperature Effect on the Hall Effect of Extrinsic Semiconductors8.2.6 Effect of Magnetic Field on the Hall Constant8.2.7 Ettingshausen Effect8.2.8 Applications of the Hall Effect8.3 Thermoelectric Effects8.3.1 Thermopower8.3.2 Thomson Effect8.3.3 Seebeck Effect8.3.4 Peltier Effect8.3.5 Thomson Relationship8.4 Quantum Hall Effect8.4.1 Integral Quantum Hall Effect8.4.2 Fractional Quantum Hall EffectSummaryProblemsReferences
Chapter 9. Energy Bands in Solids
9.1 Introduction9.2 Bloch Theorem and Bloch Functions9.3 Kronig–Penney Model of Behavior of an Electron in a Periodic Potential9.4 New Interpretation of Momentum, Velocity, and Mass of Electrons Derived from the Kronig–Penney Model of Motion of Electrons in a 1D Periodic Crystal9.5 E–K Relationships in Various Representations9.5.1 Periodic Zone Scheme9.5.2 Extended Zone Scheme9.6 Number of Possible States or Wavefunctions in an Energy Band9.7 Energy Band Calculations9.7.1 Origin of the Energy Gap9.7.2 The NFE Approximation9.7.3 The TB Approximation9.7.4 Energy Bands in Insulators, Semiconductors, and Metals9.8 Fermi Surfaces9.8.1 The Harrison Method of Constructing the Fermi Surfaces9.8.2 Fermi Surfaces in Metals9.9 The Experimental Study of Fermi Surfaces9.9.1 The dHvA Effect9.9.2 Cyclotron ResonanceSummaryProblemsReferences
Chapter 10. Band Theory of Insulators and Semiconductors
10.1 Introduction10.1.1 Materials Used as Semiconductors10.1.2 Band Gaps of Some Semiconductor Materials10.1.3 Direct and Indirect Band Gaps10.1.4 Band Structure of Semiconductor Materials10.2 Classification of Semiconductors into Pure and Impure Types10.2.1 Intrinsic Semiconductors10.2.2 Concentration of Electrons in the Conduction Band10.2.3 Hole Concentration in the Valence Band10.2.4 Fermi Level in Intrinsic Semiconductor10.2.5 Law of Mass Action10.2.6 Electrical Conductivity in Intrinsic Semiconductors10.3 Extrinsic Semiconductors10.4 Statistics of Extrinsic Semiconductors (Carrier Concentration, Fermi Level, and Electrical Conductivity)10.4.1 Statistics of the n-type Semiconductors10.4.2 Statistics of the p-type Semiconductors10.4.3 Mixed Semiconductors10.5 Junction Properties10.5.1 Metal–Metal Contacts10.5.2 p–n Junction10.5.3 Energy Bands of Semiconductors with p–n Junctions10.5.4 Effect of External Voltage on the Width of the Depletion Layer10.5.5 Devices Using p–n Junctions10.6 TransistorsSummaryProblemsReferences
Chapter 11. Magnetism
11.1 Introduction11.2 Magnetic Moment of an Atom11.3 Magnetic Susceptibility of Diamagnetic Substances (Classical Method)11.4 Quantum Mechanical Treatment of Diamagnetic Susceptibility11.5 Susceptibility of Paramagnetic Substances (Classical Method)11.6 Susceptibility of Paramagnetic Substances (Quantum Mechanical Treatment)11.7 Nuclear Paramagnetism11.8 Paramagnetism of Metals (Pauli Paramagnetism)11.9 Landau Diamagnetism11.10 Cooling by Adiabatic Demagnetization11.11 Ferromagnetism11.12 Magnetic Susceptibility of Ferromagnetic Substances at Temperatures Greater than Tc11.13 Direction of the Magnetic Moment of Ferromagnetics (Energy of Magnetic Anisotropy)11.14 Magnetization or Hysteresis Curve of Ferromagnetic Materials11.15 Origin of Ferromagnetic Domains11.16 The Bloch Wall11.17 Viewing of Domain Structure11.18 Antiferromagnetism11.18.1 Molecular Field Theory of Antiferromagnetism11.19 Ferrimagnetism11.20 Spin Waves (Magnons)11.21 Spontaneous Magnetization at a Temperature T: Bloch T3/2 Law11.22 Magnons in Antiferromagnets11.23 Some New Magnetic Materials: GMR–CMR Effects
11.24 Colossal Magnetoresistance
SummaryProblemsReferences
Chapter 12. Magnetic Resonances
12.1 Introduction12.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance12.2.1 Chemical Shift12.2.2 Spin–Spin Splitting12.2.3 Width of Signal12.2.4 The Bloch Theory12.2.5 The NMR Apparatus12.2.6 Applications of NMR12.3 The Electron Paramagnetic Resonance12.3.1 The EPR Apparatus12.3.2 Relaxation Processes12.3.3 Materials Giving EPR Signals12.3.4 Fine Structure Splitting12.3.5 The Hyperfine Structure12.3.6 Applications12.4 The Ferromagnetic Resonance12.5 The Nuclear Quadrupole ResonanceSummaryProblemsReferences
Chapter 13. Superconductivity
13.1 Superconductivity13.2 Experimental Attributes of Superconductivity13.2.1 Critical Temperature13.2.2 Critical Magnetic Field13.2.3 Critical Current13.2.4 Persistent Current13.2.5 Effects of Magnetic field13.2.6 Type 1 and Type 2 Superconductors13.2.7 Intermediate State13.2.8 Vortex State13.2.9 Thermal Conductivity13.2.10 Entropy13.2.11 Specific Heat13.2.12 Energy Gap13.2.13 Microwaves and Infrared Properties13.2.14 Isotope Effect13.2.15 Coherence Length13.2.16 Best Conductors Are Not Superconductors13.3 Theoretical Aspects of Superconductivity13.3.1 Thermodynamics of Superconducting Transition13.3.2 The London Equations13.3.3 Ginzburg–Landau Theory13.3.4 The BCS Theory13.4 Single Particle Tunneling and Josephson's Effects13.4.1 Giaever Tunneling13.4.2 DC Josephson Effect13.4.3 AC Josephson Effect13.4.4 Macroscopic Quantum Interference13.5 High-temperature Superconductivity13.5.1 Chronological Growth of Tc of Superconductors13.5.2 Some HTS and their Tc values13.5.3 Comparison of the Conventional Superconductors and HTSs13.5.4 The Crystal Structure of Some HTS13.5.5 Proposed Mechanisms of High-temperature Superconductivity13.5.6 Symmetry of the Order Parameter in HTSSummaryProblemsReferences
Chapter 14. Optical Properties of Solids
14.1 Introduction14.1.1 The Interaction of Light with Solids14.1.2 Experimentally Observed Quantities14.1.3 Connection of the Empirically Observed Quantities with the Optical Constants and the Dielectric Constants14.1.4 Optical Properties of Metals and their Relation to the Dielectric Constants14.2 Luminescence of Solids14.3 Types of Luminescent Systems14.3.1 Absorption and Emission of Energy at the Same Center14.3.2 Luminescence Due to Energy Transfer With No Movement of Charge14.3.3 Luminescence in Systems Involving Transfer of Charge14.4 Electroluminescence14.5 The Excitons14.5.1 Weakly Bound Excitons (Mott and Wannier)14.5.2 Tightly Bound Excitons (Frenkel)14.6 Color Centers14.6.1 F-centerSummaryProblemsReferences
Appendix A: Table of Constants
Appendix B: Notes on the Units of Measurement
Appendix C: Conversion Factors of CGS Units in Mechanics
Acknowledgements
Copyright

Content preview from Solid State Physics

Appendix A

Table of Constants

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Solid State Physics

by R. J. Singh