
136 Dispersive Flies Optimisation: A Tutorial
DFO has been applied to discrete problems, it is primarily proposed to deal
with continuous search spaces. DFO has been applied to various problems,
including but not limited to medical imaging [6], optimising machine learning
algorithms [7, 8], training deep neural networks [9], computer vision and quan-
tifying symmetrical complexities [10], analysis of autopoiesis in computational
creativity [11] and identification of animation key points from 2D-medialness
maps [12].
11.2 Dispersive flies optimisation
The swarming behaviour of the individuals in DFO consists of two tightly
connected mechanisms, one is