September 2018
Intermediate to advanced
228 pages
6h 54m
English
Content preview from Swarm Intelligence
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108 Firefly Algorithm (FFA)
The fuzzy c-means (FCM) fitness function is used with FFA for image data clustering
in [35] to overcome the local minima problem in the standard FCM.
Vein structure is unique to every individual. There are different imaging methods
where near-infrared lighting sensors are more common in capturing dorsal hand vein,
palm vein, and fingers vein patterns. Black and white CCD cameras are also sensitive in
the near-infrared region, so a filter blocking the visible light is all that is needed on the
camera. Since shape and state of skin have no effect on the system’s result, dorsal hand
vein patterns are more secure than finger print
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