The AI Book

Appendix

Timeline of artificial intelligence milestones

1937 Claude Shannon proposes that Boolean algebra can be used to model electronic circuits

1943 McCulloch and Pitts recognize that Boolean circuits can be used to model brain signals

1950 Alan Turing develops the Turing Test

1950 Minsky and Edmonds build the first neural network computer (the SNARC)

1956 The term “artificial intelligence” is coined by John McCarthy

1956 Newell and Simon create the Logic Machine

1957 Economist Herbert Simon predicts that computers would defeat humans at chess within the following decade

1958 Frank Rosenblatt introduces a new form of neural network known as “perceptron”

1958 Early genetic algorithms experiments

1959 Arthur Samuels demonstrates that a computer can play checkers better than its creator, and even play against itself to practice

1961 Newell and Simons creates General Problem Solver

1964 Computers understand natural language enough to solve algebraic and word problems

1965 Herbert Dreyfus’ report severely criticises the emerging AI field

1967 Marvin Minsky predicts that within a generation the problem of creating “artificial intelligence” would be solved

1969 Bryson and Ho develop a back propagation algorithm

1971 Terry Winograd’s program SHRDLU answers questions in natural language

1973 UK Lighthill Report ends British government support for AI research

1974 – 1980 First “AI Winter”

1980 Expert Systems, or Knowledge Systems, emerge as a new field within AI

1980s Early part ...