book

Building Construction Materials and Techniques

Name: Building Construction Materials and Techniques
Author: P.Purushothama Raj
ISBN: 9789332579118

by P.Purushothama Raj

April 2016

Intermediate to advanced

624 pages

17h 5m

English

Pearson Education India

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Cover
Title Page
Contents
Preface
Chpater 1 PROPERTIES OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
1.1 Introduction1.2 Classification of Engineering Materials1.3 Qualities of Construction Materials1.3.1 Physical Properties1.3.2 Mechanical Properties1.3.3 Electrical Properties1.3.4 Magnetic Properties1.3.5 Chemical PropertiesSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 2 BUILDING STONES
2.1 Introduction2.2 Classification of Rocks2.2.1 Geological or Genetic Classification2.2.2 Physical Classification2.2.3 Chemical Classification 82.3 Properties of Good Building Stones2.3.1 Appearance and Colour2.3.2 Strength2.3.3 Weight2.3.4 Hardness and Toughness2.3.5 Porosity and Absorption2.3.6 Compactness2.3.7 Fineness of Grain2.3.8 Resistance to Fire2.3.9 Durability2.3.10 Dressing2.4 Types of Building Stones2.4.1 Granite2.4.2 Basalt and Trap2.4.3 Limestone and Chalk2.4.4 Sandstone2.4.5 Laterite2.4.6 Gneiss2.4.7 Marble2.4.8 Slate2.4.9 Gravel2.4.10 Quartzite2.5 Uses of Common Building Stones2.6 Useful Building Stones of India2.6.1 Granite2.6.2 Sandstone2.6.3 Limestone2.6.4 Gneiss2.6.5 Marble2.7 Quarrying of Building Stones2.7.1 Quarry Location2.7.2 Methods of Quarrying2.7.3 Precautions in Handling Explosives2.8 Dressing of Stones2.9 Durability of Stones2.9.1 Deteriorating Agencies of Stones2.9.2 Preservation of Stones2.10 Selection of Stones for Various Works2.10.1 General Building Works2.10.2 Buildings Exposed to High Wind2.10.3 Buildings in Industrial Areas2.10.4 Buildings Exposed to Heat and Fire2.10.5 Heavy Engineering Works2.10.6 Road Metals and Railway Ballasts2.10.7 Facing and Architectural Items2.11 Tests on Building Stones2.11.1 Field Tests2.11.2 Laboratory Tests2.12 Artificial Stones2.12.1 Types of Artificial Stones2.12.2 Advantages of Artificial StonesSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 3 BRICKS
3.1 Introduction3.2 Constituents of Brick Earth3.2.1 Functions of Constituents of Brick Earth3.2.2 Desirable Chemical Composition of Brick Earth3.2.3 Harmful Ingredients in Brick Earth3.2.4 Field Testing of Brick Earth3.3 Selection of Site for Brick Earth3.4 Manufacturing of Bricks3.4.1 Preparation of Soil3.4.2 Moulding of Bricks3.4.3 Drying of Bricks3.4.4 Burning of Bricks3.5 Qualities of Good Bricks3.6 Classification of Building Bricks and Uses3.6.1 Quality Classification of Burnt Bricks3.6.2 Indian Standard Classification of Burnt Bricks3.7 Tests on Bricks3.7.1 Compressive Strength Test3.7.2 Water Absorption Test3.7.3 Efflorescence Test3.7.4 Dimensional Tolerance Test3.7.5 Hardness Test3.7.6 Soundness Test3.7.7 Structure Test3.8 Types of Bricks3.8.1 Specially Shaped Bricks3.8.2 Refractory Bricks3.8.3 Pressed Bricks3.8.4 Sand–Lime Bricks3.8.5 Heavy-duty Bricks3.8.6 Sewer BricksSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 4 TILES AND CERAMIC MATERIALS
4.1 Introduction4.2 Building Tiles4.2.1 Characteristics of a Good Tile4.2.2 Types of Tiles4.2.3 Manufacture of Tiles4.3 Earthenware4.3.1 Terra-cotta4.3.2 Porcelainware4.4 StonewareSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 5 LIME
5.1 Introduction5.2 Constituents of Limestone5.2.1 Clay5.2.2 Soluble Silica5.2.3 Magnesium Carbonate5.2.4 Alkalis and Metallic Oxides5.2.5 Sulphates5.2.6 Iron5.2.7 Pyrites5.3 Properties of Lime5.4 Classification of Lime and Their Uses5.4.1 General Classification5.4.2 Indian Standard Classification5.5 Manufacture of Lime5.5.1 Collection of Raw Materials5.5.2 Burning of Limestone5.5.3 Slaking of Burnt Lime5.6 Precautions in Handling Lime5.7 Storage of Lime5.8 Laboratory Testing of Limestones5.8.1 Physical Tests5.8.2 Chemical Tests5.9 Field Testing of Building Lime5.9.1 Visual Examination5.9.2 Hydrochloric Acid Test5.9.3 Ball Test5.9.4 Impurity Test5.9.5 Plasticity Test5.9.6 Workability Test5.10 Pozzolanic MaterialsSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 6 CEMENT
6.1 Introduction6.2 Ingredients of Cement and Their Functions6.2.1 Lime6.2.2 Silica6.2.3 Alumina6.2.4 Iron Oxide6.2.5 Magnesium Oxide6.2.6 Sulphur Trioxide6.2.7 Alkalis6.3 Requirements of Quality Cement6.4 Properties of Ordinary Portland Cement6.4.1 Physical Properties of Portland Cement6.4.2 Chemical Properties of Portland Cement6.5 Manufacturing of Ordinary Portland Cement6.5.1 Wet Process6.5.2 Dry Process6.6 Chemical Composition and Hardening of Cement6.7 Types of Cements and Their Uses6.7.1 Types of Portland Cement6.7.2 Other Types of Cements6.8 Grades of Ordinary Portland Cement6.9 Laboratory Tests on Cement6.9.1 Fineness Test6.9.2 Consistency Test6.9.3 Setting Time Tests6.9.4 Strength Test6.9.5 Soundness Test6.9.6 Tensile Strength Test6.9.7 Heat of Hydration Test6.9.8 Chemical Composition Test6.10 Comparison Between Cement and LimeSalient PointsReview Questions

Chpater 7 MORTAR
7.1 Introduction7.2 Qualities of Sand for Mortar7.3 Qualities of Water for Mortar7.4 Functions of Ingredients of Mortar7.4.1 Functions of Cementing Materials7.4.2 Functions of Fine Aggregates7.4.3 Functions of Water7.5 Functions of Mortar7.6 Properties of Mortar7.7 Types of Mortars and their Uses7.7.1 Lime Mortar7.7.2 Surkhi Mortar7.7.3 Cement Mortar7.7.4 Lime–Cement Mortar7.7.5 Mud Mortar7.7.6 Fire-resistant Mortar7.7.7 Light-weight Mortar7.7.8 Packing Mortar7.7.9 Sound-absorbing Mortar7.7.10 X-Ray Shielding Mortar7.8 Preparation of Mortars7.8.1 Preparation of Lime Mortar7.8.2 Preparation of Cement Mortar7.8.3 Preparation of Lime–Cement Mortar7.9 Selection of Mortar for Different PurposesSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 8 CONCRETE
8.1 Introduction8.2 Properties of Cement Concrete8.3 Types of Cement Concrete and Uses8.3.1 Plain Cement Concrete8.3.2 Reinforced Cement Concrete8.3.3 Pre-stressed Cement Concrete8.3.4 Light-weight Cement Concrete8.3.5 Precast Cement Concrete8.4 Plain Cement Concrete8.4.1 Fresh and Hardened Concrete8.4.2 Aggregates8.4.3 Water8.5 Concrete Chemicals and Applications8.5.1 Admixtures8.5.2 Construction Chemicals8.6 Grades of Cement Concrete8.7 Mix Design Concept8.7.1 American Concrete Institute (ACI) Method of Mix Design8.7.2 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Method of Mix Design8.8 Manufacturing of Concrete8.8.1 Proportioning of Concrete8.8.2 Batching of Materials8.8.3 Mixing of Concrete8.8.4 Conveyance of Concrete8.8.5 Compaction of Concrete8.8.6 Curing of Concrete8.9 Finishing8.9.1 Formwork Finishes8.9.2 Surface Treatment8.9.3 Applied Finish8.10 Testing of Fresh and Hardened Concrete8.10.1 Testing of Fresh Concrete8.10.2 Testing of Hardened Concrete8.11 Cracks in Concrete8.11.1 Plastic Shrinkage Cracks8.11.2 Settlement Cracks8.11.3 Cracks Due to Bleeding8.11.4 Cracks Due to Delayed Concrete Curing8.11.5 Cracks Due to Construction Effects8.12 Quality Control of Concrete8.13 Non-destructive Testing8.13.1 Schmidt’s Rebound Hammer8.13.2 Frequency Method8.13.3 Nuclear Method8.13.4 Radioactive Method8.13.5 Pullout Test8.13.6 Pulse Velocity Method8.14 Lime Concrete8.14.1 Ingredients of Lime Concrete8.14.2 Properties of Lime Concrete8.14.3 Preparation of Lime Concrete8.14.4 Uses of Lime Concrete8.14.5 PrecautionsSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 9 PRECAST CONCRETE UNITS
9.1 Introduction9.2 Prefabrication in Construction9.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Precast Concrete9.3.1 Advantages9.3.2 Disadvantages9.4 Components of Building9.4.1 Modular Co-ordination9.4.2 Dimensions of Precast Elements9.5 Manufacture of Precast Concrete Elements9.5.1 Factory Prefabrication9.5.2 Site Prefabrication9.5.3 Process of Manufacture9.6 Types of Precast Units9.6.1 Hollow Concrete Blocks9.6.2 Lintel Units9.6.3 Door and Window Frames9.6.4 Roofing and Flooring Elements9.6.5 Precast Shell Units9.6.6 Sunshade UnitSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 10 TIMBER AND INDUSTRIAL TIMBER PRODUCTS
10.1 Introduction10.2 Trees10.2.1 Basic Structure of a Tree10.2.2 Classification of Trees10.2.3 Structure of Exogenous Trees10.2.4 Growth of a Tree10.2.5 Felling of Trees10.3 Classification of Timber10.3.1 Classification of Teak10.3.2 Classification of Deodar10.3.3 Classification of Other Woods10.4 Characteristics of Good Timber10.4.1 Strength 14010.4.2 Hardness10.4.3 Fire-resistant10.4.4 Structure10.4.5 Elasticity10.4.6 Durability10.4.7 Defects10.4.8 Weight10.4.9 Fibres10.4.10 Workability10.4.11 Colour10.4.12 Sound10.5 Defects in Timber10.5.1 Knots10.5.2 Shakes10.5.3 Twisted Fibres10.5.4 Upset10.5.5 Rind Galls10.5.6 Wind Cracks10.5.7 Sloping Grains10.5.8 Presence of Sapwood10.6 Conversion10.6.1 Ordinary Sawing10.6.2 Quarter Sawing10.6.3 Tangential Sawing10.6.4 Radial or Rift Sawing10.7 Seasoning10.7.1 Objectives of Seasoning10.7.2 Methods of Seasoning10.8 Decay of Wood10.9 Preservation of Timber10.9.1 Requirements for a Good Preservative10.9.2 Types of Preservatives10.9.3 Preservative Treatment of Timber10.10 Testing of Timber10.10.1 Tensile Strength Test10.10.2 Compressive Strength Test10.10.3 Shear Strength Test10.10.4 Bending Strength Test10.10.5 Moisture Content Test10.11 Industrial Timber Products10.11.1 Plywood10.11.2 Particle Board or Chip Board10.11.3 Hard Board10.11.4 Fibre Board10.11.5 Block Board10.11.6 Decorative Laminates10.11.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Processed TimberSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 11 METALS AND ALLOYS
11.1 Introduction11.2 Ferrous Metals11.2.1 Iron Ores11.2.2 Pig Iron11.2.3 Wrought Iron11.2.4 Cast Iron11.2.5 Steel11.2.6 Alloy Steels11.3 Non-ferrous Metals11.3.1 Aluminium11.3.2 Copper11.3.3 Lead11.3.4 Tin11.3.5 Zinc11.3.6 Magnesium11.3.7 Nickel11.4 Non-ferrous Alloys11.4.1 Copper Alloys11.4.2 Aluminium Alloys11.4.3 Magnesium Alloys11.4.4 Nickel AlloysSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 12 SURFACE FINISHING MATERIALS
12.1 Introduction12.2 Paints12.2.1 Functions of Paints12.2.2 Constituents of an Oil Paint12.2.3 Characteristics of a Good Paint12.2.4 Types of Paints12.3 Varnishes12.3.1 Functions of Varnishes12.3.2 Constituents of Varnish12.3.3 Properties of an Ideal Varnish12.3.4 Types of Varnishes12.4 Distempers12.4.1 Function of Distempers12.4.2 Constituents of Distempers12.4.3 Properties of Distempers12.4.4 Types of Distempers12.5 White and Colour Washing12.6 Miscellaneous Surface Finishes12.6.1 Wallpapering12.6.2 Wall Tiling12.6.3 Coal Tarring12.6.4 Waxing or Wax Polishing12.6.5 Wood OilingSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 13 OTHER BUILDING MATERIALS
13.1 Introduction13.2 Asbestos13.2.1 Types of Asbestos13.2.2 Properties of Asbestos13.2.3 Uses of Asbestos13.2.4 Products of Asbestos13.3 Fly Ash13.3.1 Constituents of Fly Ash13.3.2 Uses of Fly Ash13.4 Gypsum Plaster13.4.1 Properties of Gypsum Plaster13.4.2 Uses of Gypsum Plaster13.5 Bituminous Materials13.5.1 Bitumen13.5.2 Tar13.6 Glass13.6.1 Constituents of Glass13.6.2 Properties of Glass13.6.3 Types and Uses of Glass13.7 Plastics13.7.1 Types of Plastics and their Properties13.7.2 Uses of Plastics13.8 Composite Materials13.8.1 Reinforcing Fibres13.8.2 Matrix13.9 Miscellaneous Materials13.9.1 Rubber13.9.2 Geosynthetics13.9.3 AdhesivesSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 14 PLANNING OF BUILDINGS
14.1 Introduction14.2 Importance of Housing14.2.1 Housing Programme14.2.2 Priorities in Housing14.2.3 National Level Housing Organizations14.3 Classification of Buildings14.3.1 Occupancy Classification14.3.2 Types of Construction Based on Fire-Resistance14.4 Principles of Planning of Buildings14.4.1 Aspect14.4.2 Prospect14.4.3 Privacy14.4.4 Grouping14.4.5 Roominess14.4.6 Furniture Requirement14.4.7 Sanitation14.4.8 Flexibility14.4.9 Circulation14.4.10 Elegance14.4.11 Economy14.4.12 Practical Considerations14.5 Basic Requirements of Building14.5.1 Building Line14.5.2 Set Back Line14.5.3 Covered Area14.5.4 Plinth Area14.5.5 Floor Area and Floor Area Ratio14.5.6 Carpet Area14.5.7 Building Height14.5.8 Room Height14.5.9 Habitable Rooms14.5.10 Bathroom14.5.11 Water Closet14.5.12 Balcony14.6 Building Components and Their Functions14.6.1 Substructure14.6.2 Superstructure14.7 Orientation of Building14.7.1 Factors Affecting Orientation14.7.2 Orientation Criteria under Indian Conditions14.8 Construction Sequence of Residential BuildingSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 15 FOUNDATIONS
15.1 Introduction15.2 Soil Investigation15.2.1 Planning the Ground Investigation15.2.2 Methods of Exploration15.3 Types of Soils15.3.1 Residual Soils15.3.2 Transported Soils15.3.3 Regional Soil Deposits of India15.3.4 Re-claimed Soils15.4 Bearing Capacity15.4.1 Bearing Capacity Criteria15.4.2 Factors Affecting Bearing Capacity15.4.3 Methods of Determining Bearing Capacity15.4.4 Improvement of Bearing Capacity of Soils15.5 Functions of Foundations15.5.1 Load and Load Distribution15.5.2 Stability Requirements15.5.3 Settlement Control15.5.4 Safety Against Natural Events15.5.5 Requirements of Good Foundation15.6 Shallow and Deep Foundations15.6.1 Types and Suitability of Shallow Foundations15.6.2 Types and Suitability of Deep Foundations15.6.3 Foundation under Special Conditions15.7 Causes of Foundation Settlement15.8 Selection and Design of Simple Foundations15.8.1 Selection Procedure15.8.2 Design Procedure15.8.3 Design of Shallow Foundations15.8.4 Design of Piles15.9 Excavation for Foundation15.9.1 Shallow Excavations with Unsupported Slopes15.9.2 Shallow Excavations with Sheeting and Bracing15.9.3 Deep Excavations15.10 Construction of Foundations for Buildings15.10.1 Construction of Spread Footing15.10.2 Construction of Combined Footing15.10.3 Construction of Continuous Footing15.10.4 Construction of Mat FoundationSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 16 MASONRY CONSTRUCTION
16.1 Introduction16.2 Brick Masonry16.2.1 Terminology16.2.2 Brick Laying Tools16.2.3 Materials Used16.2.4 Bonds in Brickwork16.2.5 Comparison of English and Flemish Bonds16.2.6 General Principles of Construction of Brick Masonry16.3 Stone Masonry16.3.1 Terminology16.3.2 Materials Used16.3.3 Cutting and Dressing of Stones16.3.4 Types of Stone Masonry16.3.5 General Principles of Construction of Stone Masonry16.3.6 Comparison of Brick and Stone Masonry16.4 Concrete Hollow Block Masonry16.4.1 Use of Hollow Concrete Blocks for Masonry16.4.2 Laying of Concrete Hollow Block Masonry16.4.3 Concrete Blocks with Concrete Filling16.4.4 Reinforced Concrete Hollow Block Masonry16.4.5 Special Features of Concrete Block Masonry16.4.6 Compound Walls in Hollow Block16.5 Reinforced Brick Masonry16.5.1 Reinforced Brick Masonry Walls16.5.2 Reinforced Brick Masonry Columns16.5.3 Reinforced Brick Masonry Lintel16.5.4 Reinforced Brick Masonry SlabSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 17 WALLS
17.1 Introduction17.2 Load-bearing Walls17.2.1 Solid Wall17.2.2 Solid Wall with Piers or Pilasters17.2.3 Cavity Wall17.2.4 Faced Wall17.2.5 Veneered Wall17.3 Non-load Bearing Walls17.3.1 Panel Wall17.3.2 Partition Wall17.3.3 Curtain Wall17.3.4 Free-Standing Wall17.4 Loads on Walls17.4.1 Vertical Loads17.4.2 Lateral Loads17.5 Lateral Supports and Stability17.6 Effective Height of Walls17.7 Effective Length of Walls17.8 Effective Thickness of Walls17.9 Slenderness Ratio and Stiffness17.10 Reinforced Brick Walls17.11 Eccentrically Loaded Brick Wall17.11.1 Exterior Walls17.11.2 Interior Walls17.11.3 Stress Distribution Under Eccentric Loads17.12 Cracking in Walls17.12.1 Causes17.12.2 Preventive MeasuresSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 18 FRAMED STRUCTURES
18.1 Introduction18.2 Concept of Framed Structures18.2.1 Principles of Framed Structures18.2.2 Materials Used for Framed Structures18.2.3 Advantages of Framed Structures18.3 Tall Buildings18.3.1 Advantages of Tall Buildings18.3.2 Disadvantages of Tall Buildings18.3.3 Construction of Tall Buildings18.4 Pre-Fabricated Buildings18.4.1 Design and Manufacturing18.4.2 Delivery and Storage of Pre-fabricated Structures18.4.3 Pre-assembly of Pre-fabricated Concrete Structural Units18.5 Erection of Pre-fabricated Multi-Storey Frame BuildingsSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 19 ARCHES AND LINTELS
19.1 Introduction19.2 Arches19.2.1 Stability of Arches19.2.2 Terminologies in Arch Work19.2.3 Types of Arches19.2.4 Materials Used for Arches19.2.5 Methods of Construction of Arches19.3 Lintels19.3.1 Purpose of Lintels19.3.2 Types of Lintels19.4 Plinth Beams and Grade Beams19.4.1 Plinth Beams19.4.2 Grade BeamsSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 20 DOORS AND WINDOWS
20.1 Introduction20.2 Technical Terms20.3 Doors20.3.1 Standard Sizes of Doors20.3.2 Materials Used20.3.3 Types of Doors20.4 Windows20.4.1 Window Shutter Movements20.4.2 Types of Windows20.4.3 Standard Sizes of Windows20.5 VentilatorsSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 21 STAIRS AND ELEVATORS
21.1 Introduction21.2 Components of a Staircase21.3 Requirements of a Good Stair21.3.1 Location21.3.2 Width of Stair21.3.3 Pitch of a Stair21.3.4 Length of a Flight21.3.5 Headroom21.3.6 Materials of a Stair21.3.7 Landing21.3.8 Winder21.3.9 Step Proportions21.4 Types of Stairs21.4.1 Straight Stairs21.4.2 Quarter-turn Stairs21.4.3 Dog-legged Stairs21.4.4 Three-quarter Turn Stairs21.4.5 Geometrical Stairs21.4.6 Bifurcated Stairs21.4.7 Multiple Flight Stairs21.5 Materials Used for Stairs21.5.1 Timber Stairs21.5.2 Stone Stairs21.5.3 Brick Stairs21.5.4 Steel Stairs21.5.5 Concrete Stairs21.6 Design Principles of Staircase21.6.1 Dead Loads21.6.2 Live Loads21.6.3 Effective Span of Stairs21.6.4 Rise and Tread21.6.5 Distribution of Load21.7 Ramps21.8 Elevators21.8.1 Components of an Elevator21.8.2 Structural Component of an Elevator21.8.3 Types of Elevators21.9 Escalators21.9.1 Essential Parts of Escalator21.9.2 Speed and Slope of Escalator21.9.3 Location of Escalator21.9.4 Design Aspects of Escalator21.9.5 InstallationSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 22 TEMPORARY SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
22.1 Introduction22.2 Formwork22.2.1 Requirements of Formwork22.2.2 Materials Used22.3 De-Shuttering of Formworks22.4 Scaffolding22.4.1 Components of Scaffolding22.4.2 Requirements of Scaffolding22.4.3 Types of Scaffolding22.5 Shoring22.5.1 Installation of Shoring22.5.2 Types of Shoring22.6 Underpinning22.6.1 Uses of Underpinning22.6.2 Precautionary Measures Before Underpinning22.6.3 Methods of UnderpinningSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 23 GROUND AND UPPER FLOORS
23.1 Introduction23.2 Functions of a Floor23.3 Selection of Floors23.3.1 Ground Floors23.3.2 Upper Floors23.3.3 Basement Floor23.4 Types of Ground Floors23.4.1 Stone Floors23.4.2 Brick Floors23.4.3 Concrete Floors23.4.4 Granolithic Floors23.4.5 Terrazo Floors23.4.6 Mosaic Floors23.4.7 Tiled Floors23.4.8 Asphalt Floors23.4.9 Marble Floors23.4.10 Timber Floors23.5 Types of Upper Floors23.5.1 Timber Floors23.5.2 Jack Arch Brick Floors23.5.3 RCC Slab Floors23.5.4 RCC Beam and Slab Floors23.5.5 RCC T-Beam Slab Floors23.5.6 Flat Slab Floors23.5.7 Resilient Floors23.5.8 Hollow Block and Rib FloorsSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 24 STRUCTURAL STEEL WORKS
24.1 Introduction24.2 Steel Sections24.2.1 Bars24.2.2 Plates24.2.3 Flats24.2.4 Angle Sections24.2.5 Channel Sections24.2.6 I and T Sections24.2.7 Expanded Metal24.2.8 Ribbed TOR Steel Bars24.3 Methods of Steel Connections24.3.1 Riveted Connections24.3.2 Bolt Connections24.3.3 Welded Connections24.4 Built-up Sections24.5 Structural Steel Members24.5.1 Steel Trusses24.5.2 Steel Beams24.5.3 Steel Columns24.6 Fabrication of Steel Works24.7 Erection of Steel Works24.8 Miscellaneous Steel Works24.8.1 Fixing of Steel in Wooden Frames24.8.2 Fixing of Rolling ShuttersSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 25 ROOFS AND ROOF COVERINGS
25.1 Introduction25.2 Requirements of a Roof25.3 Types of Roofs25.4 Sloping Roofs25.4.1 Terminologies25.4.2 Types of Timber Sloping Roofs25.4.3 Types of Steel Sloping Roofs25.4.4 Roof Coverings of Sloping Roofs25.5 Flat Roofs25.5.1 Madras Terrace Roof25.5.2 Reinforced Cement Concrete Roof25.5.3 Bengal Terrace Roof25.5.4 Jack Arch Flat Roof25.5.5 Mud Terrace Roof25.5.6 Weather-Proof Course for Flat Roofs25.5.7 Waterproofing of Flat Roofs25.5.8 Drainage of Flat Roofs25.5.9 Merits and Demerits of Flat Roofs25.6 Shell Roofs25.6.1 Type of Shell Roofs25.6.2 Merits and Demerits of Shell Roofs25.6.3 Erection of Prefabricated Concrete Shell ElementsSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 26 BUILDING FINISHES
26.1 Introduction26.2 Plastering26.2.1 Objects of Plastering26.2.2 Requirements of a Good Plaster26.2.3 Preparation of Surface for Plastering26.2.4 External Finishes26.2.5 Tools for Plastering26.2.6 Plastering Techniques26.2.7 Defects and Remedial Measures in Plastering26.3 Pointing26.3.1 Mortar for Pointing26.3.2 Methods of Pointing26.3.3 Types of Pointing26.4 Painting26.4.1 Preparation of Surfaces26.4.2 Application of Coats26.5 Varnishing26.5.1 Preparation of Surfaces26.5.2 Application of Coats26.6 White/Colour Washing26.7 DistemperingSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 27 ESSENTIAL SERVICES IN BUILDINGS
27.1 Introduction27.2 Plumbing Services27.2.1 Plumbing Terms27.2.2 Principles of Plumbing Services in Buildings27.3 Water Supply27.3.1 Design of Water Distribution System27.3.2 Water Supply Fittings and Fixtures27.3.3 Materials of Water Pipes27.4 Drainage of Wastewater and Sewage27.4.1 Need for Treatment of Sewage27.4.2 Sanitary Fittings and Appliances27.4.3 Plumbing System of Drainage27.4.4 Layout of Building Drainage27.4.5 Pipes for Drainage27.4.6 Sludge and Effluent Disposal27.5 Electrical Supply27.5.1 Single and Three-Phase Supply27.5.2 Distribution Circuits27.5.3 Materials and Devices Used in Wiring27.5.4 Wiring of BuildingsSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 28 SPECIAL SERVICES IN BUILDINGS
28.1 Introduction28.2 Air-Conditioning of Buildings28.2.1 Purposes of Air-Conditioning28.2.2 Terminologies28.2.3 Classification of Air-Conditioning28.2.4 Principles of Comfort Air-Conditioning28.2.5 Systems of Air-Conditioning28.2.6 Requirement of Air-Conditioning Systems28.3 Thermal Insulation of Buildings28.3.1 Purpose of Thermal Insulation28.3.2 Causes for Heat Transfer28.3.3 Principles of Thermal Insulation28.3.4 Heat Insulation Materials28.3.5 Methods of Thermal Insulation28.4 Acoustics and Sound Insulation28.4.1 Effects of Audible Sound28.4.2 Principles of Acoustics28.4.3 Acoustical Defects28.4.4 Acoustical MaterialsSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 29 PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
29.1 Introduction29.2 Anti-Termite Treatment29.2.1 Termites29.2.2 Principles of Termite-Proofing29.2.3 Methods of Termite-Proofing29.3 Damp Prevention29.3.1 Sources of Dampness29.3.2 Effects of Dampness29.3.3 Methods of Damp-proofing29.3.4 DPC Treatment in Buildings29.3.5 Materials used for DPC29.3.6 Damp-proof Surface Treatment29.3.7 Integral Damp-proofing Treatment29.4 Fire Protection29.4.1 Fire-Resisting Properties of Building Materials29.4.2 Fire-Load29.4.3 BIS Grading29.4.4 General Safety Requirements Against Fire29.4.5 Emergency Fire Safety Measures29.5 Protection from Lightning29.6 Earthquake-Resistant Buildings29.6.1 Causes of Earthquakes29.6.2 Magnitude of Earthquake29.6.3 Seismic Zones of India29.6.4 Effects of Earthquake on Structures29.6.5 General Requirement29.6.6 Major Design ConsiderationsSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 30 PREVENTIVE MEASURES AND MAINTENANCE OF BUILDINGS
30.1 Introduction30.2 Maintenance of Floorings30.2.1 Terrazzo Floors30.2.2 Marble Floors30.2.3 Linoleum Floors30.2.4 Concrete Floors30.2.5 Other Floors30.3 Maintenance of Doors and Windows30.3.1 Maintenance of Woodwork30.3.2 Maintenance of Glass30.4 Maintenance of Water Supply System30.5 Maintenance of Sanitary Appliances30.6 Maintenance of Drainage System30.6.1 Fittings Inside the Buildings30.6.2 Waste and Soil Pipes30.6.3 Gulley and Manholes30.6.4 Roof Drainage System30.6.5 Septic Tanks30.7 Maintenance of Paintwork30.8 Maintenance of Brickwork30.8.1 Cleaning Brickwork30.8.2 Removal of Efflorescence in Brickwork30.8.3 Repairing of Cracks in Brickwork30.8.4 Re-pointing Old Brickwork30.8.5 Re-painting Brickwork30.9 Maintenance of Stonework30.9.1 Removal of Efflorescence in Stonework30.9.2 Removal of Stains in Stonework30.9.3 Repair of Cracks in Stonework30.9.4 Waterproofing of Stonework30.10 Cracks and Remedial Measures in Concrete30.10.1 Causes of Cracks in Concrete30.10.2 Preventive Measures for Crack in Concrete30.10.3 Stitching of Cracks in Concrete Members30.10.4 Repair of Concrete by Gunite and Shortcrete30.11 Checking Building Leakage30.11.1 Leakage in Sloping Roofs30.11.2 Leakage of Flat Roofs30.11.3 Leakage Through Junction of Walls and Sunshades30.11.4 Leakage Through Wall Cracks30.12 Maintenance of Electrical SystemSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 31 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING AND SCHEDULING
31.1 Introduction31.2 Objectives of Planning31.3 Stages of Plannning31.3.1 Job Planning31.3.2 Technical Planning31.3.3 Contract Planning31.3.4 Advantages and Limitations of Planning31.4 Scheduling Procedures31.4.1 Construction Schedule31.4.2 Labour Schedule31.4.3 Material Schedule31.4.4 Equipment Schedule31.4.5 Expenditure Schedule31.5 Scheduling Techniques31.5.1 Bar Charts31.5.2 Milestone Charts31.5.3 Network Analysis31.6 Site Clearance31.7 Job Layout31.8 Temporary Sheds31.9 Setting Out WorksSalient PointsReview Questions
Chpater 32 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
32.1 Introduction32.2 Cost of Equipment32.2.1 Procurement Cost32.2.2 Operating Cost32.3 Types of Equipment32.3.1 Earthwork Equipment32.3.2 De-watering Equipment32.3.3 Compaction Equipment32.3.4 Pile Driving Equipment32.3.5 Movement and Hosting Equipment32.3.6 Hauling EquipmentSalient PointsReview Questions
Objective Type Questions and Answers
Bibliography

Overview

Building Construction Materials and Techniques follows a unique approach to the subject by including both materials and construction techniques in a combined text as per the latest trends in university curriculums. It also caters to the needs of the universities where these subjects are offered across two semesters as well. Of the 32 chapters in this book, 13 are dedicated to building construction materials while the remaining 19 focus on conventional as well as modern techniques in construction. The chapters are supplemented by a plethora of self-explanatory illustrations for easy comprehension. Relevant references to IS codes and standards make this text ideal for extended learning.

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