book

Basic Civil Engineering

by Satheesh Gopi

September 2009

Beginner

348 pages

10h 19m

English

Pearson India

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1.1 - Sources of Stones1.2 - Classification of Rocks1.3 - Dressing of Stones1.4 - Properties of Good Stone1.5 - Common Building Stones in India
2.1 - Natural Sources of Sand2.2 - Classification of Sand2.3 - Bulking of Sand2.4 - Properties of Good Sand
3.1 - Sources of Lime3.2 - Classification of Lime3.3 - Calcination of Lime in Clamps and Kilns3.4 - Slaking of Lime3.5 - Comparison Between Fat Lime and Hydraulic Lime3.6 - Uses of Lime
4.1 - Properties of Cement4.2 - Ingredients of Cement4.3 - Setting Time of Cement4.4 - Manufacture of Cement4.5 - Different Types of Cement and Uses4.6 - Different Grades of Cement4.7 - Storage of Cement

5.1 - Composition of Good Brick Earth5.2 - Manufacture of Bricks5.3 - Size and Weight of Bricks5.4 - Qualities of a Good Brick5.5 - Falg Bricks5.6 - Fly Ash Bricks
6.1 - Different Types of Tiles6.2 - Characteristics of a Good Tile6.3 - Porcelain Glazed Tiles
7.1 - Classifications of Trees7.2 - Structure of a Tree7.3 - Qualities of Good Timber7.4 - Seasoning of Timber7.5 - Common Timbers Used for Building Work7.6 - Types of Plywood and Their Uses7.7 - Veneers7.8 - Particle Board
8.1 - Uses of Steel in Building Works8.2 - Steel as a Reinforcement in Concrete8.3 - Market Forms of Steel
9.1 - Manufacture9.2 - Properties of Aluminium9.3 - Uses9.4 - Aluminium as a Building Material
10.1 - Characteristics of an Ideal Paint10.2 - Ingredients of Paint10.3 - Types of Paints10.4 - Uses of Paint10.5 - Varnish10.6 - Ingredients of Varnish10.7 - Characteristics of Ideal Varnishes10.8 - Types of Varnishes
11.1 - Glass11.2 - Rubber11.3 - PVC11.4 - Plaster of Paris11.5 - Damp Proofing Materials11.6 - Adhesives11.7 - Cost-Effective Materials
12.1 - Building Components and Their Basic Requirements12.2 - Planning Regulations
13.1 - Purpose of Providing a Foundation13.2 - Bearing Capacity of Soil13.3 - Plate Load Test13.4 - Various Types of Foundations with Sketches
14.1 - Functions of Mortar in Building Works14.2 - Types of Mortars and Their Preparation
15.1 - Definition of Terms15.2 - Stone Masonry15.3 - Classification of Stone Masonry15.4 - Brick Masonry15.5 - Types of Brick Masonry15.6 - Bonds in Brick Masonry15.7 - General Principles in Brick Masonry
16.1 - Ingredients of Concrete and Their Functions16.2 - Proportion of Mix Used for Different Works16.3 - Fine Aggregate and Coarse Aggregate16.4 - Significance of Sand in Concrete16.5 - Water–Cement Ratio16.6 - Properties of Concrete16.7 - Mixing of Concrete16.8 - Transporting and Placing of Concrete16.9 - Compaction of Concrete16.10 - Curing of Concrete16.11 - Formwork
17.1 - Location of Doors and Windows17.2 - Doors17.3 - Windows17.4 - Types of Doors17.5 - Types of Windows17.6 - Fixtures and Fastenings for Doors and Windows
18.1 - Technical Terms18.2 - Pitched Roof or Sloping Roof18.3 - Flat Roofs18.4 - Shell Roof18.5 - Domes18.6 - Selection of Roof Covering Materials18.7 - Roof Covering Materials
19.1 - Factors Affecting Selection of Floorings19.2 - Types of Floor19.3 - Floor Covering
20.1 - Requirements of a Good Stair20.2 - Types of Stairs20.3 - Stairs of Different Materials
21.1 - Requirements of Good Plaster21.2 - Methods of Plastering
22.1 - Types of Paints22.2 - Uses of Paint22.3 - Painting of Different Surfaces22.4 - White Washing22.5 - Colour Washing22.6 - Distempering22.7 - Tiling of Walls
23.1 - Sources of Dampness23.2 - Effects of Dampness23.3 - Techniques and Methods of Damp Prevention23.4 - Materials Used for Damp Proofing (DPC)
24.1 - Air Conditioning24.2 - Fire Protection24.3 - Ventilation24.4 - Lifts and Escalators
25.1 - Deterioration of Concrete25.2 - Deterioration in Masonry Works25.3 - Prevention of Cracks and Leaks25.4 - Repair of Cracks and Leaks25.5 - Cost-Effective Construction25.6 - Anti-Termite Treatments in Buildings
26.1 - Chain Surveying26.2 - Introduction to Recent Advances in Surveying
27.1 - Purpose of Levelling27.2 - Major Parts of Levelling Instrument27.3 - Levelling Staff27.4 - Technical Terms Used in Levelling27.5 - Levelling – Field Work27.6 - Fly Levelling27.7 - Contour27.8 - Computing Reduced Levels Using Height of Collimation Method (HI Method)27.9 - Computing Reduced Level Using Rise and Fall Method27.10 - Theodolite
28.1 - The Concept of Environment28.2 - Environmental Engineering28.3 - Development of Environmental Engineering28.4 - Scope of Environmental Engineering28.5 - Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation28.6 - Environmental Segments28.7 - The Natural Cycles of the Environment28.8 - The Water or Hydrological Cycle28.9 - Different Processes in Water Cycle28.10 - The Oxygen Cycle28.11 - The Nitrogen Cycle28.12 - The Phosphate Cycle28.13 - Ecosystem28.14 - Function and Biodiversity28.15 - The Study of Ecosystems28.16 - Ecosystem Ecology28.17 - Systems Ecology
29.1 - Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering29.2 - The History of Geotechnical Engineering29.3 - Geotechnical Engineering Applications29.4 - Soil Mechanics29.5 - The Basic Characteristics of Soil29.6 - Soil Properties29.7 - Geotechnical Investigation29.8 - Geophysical Exploration29.9 - Geosynthetics
30.1 - Introduction30.2 - The Planning and Design Aspects of Transport Engineering30.3 - Different Modes of Transport30.4 - Highway Engineering30.5 - Rail Engineering30.6 - Port and Harbour Engineering30.7 - Airport Engineering30.8 - Traffic Engineering30.9 - Municipal or Urban Engineering
31.1 - Introduction31.2 - Benefits of Irrigation31.3 - Types of Irrigation31.4 - Dam and Weirs31.5 - History of Dams31.6 - Types of Dams31.7 - Purposes for Construction of Dams31.8 - Identifying a Location for the Construction of a Dam31.9 - Impact Assessment31.10 - Human Social Impact31.11 - Economics31.12 - Weir31.13 - Functions of a Weir31.14 - Types of Weirs
32.1 - Introduction32.2 - CAD Computers32.3 - Capability of CAD32.4 - Numerically Controlled Machines32.5 - AutoCAD32.6 - AutoCAD LT32.7 - AutoCAD Student Versions32.8 - Vertical Programs32.9 - Different versions of AutoCAD32.10 - Design Web Format32.11 - Alternatives for DWF32.12 - DWG (Drawing) (File Extension is .dwg)32.13 - AutoCAD DXF (File Extension is .dxf)32.14 - File Structure of DXF32.15 - Software which supports DXF32.16 - The Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES)32.17 - Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)32.18 - Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)32.19 - Electronic Design Automation32.20 - Multidisciplinary Design Optimization32.21 - 3D Computer Graphics Software32.22 - Popular Packages Used in 3D Modelling32.23 - Basic Commands in AutoCAD32.24 - The AutoCAD Interface

Content preview from Basic Civil Engineering

Chapter 20 Stairs

A few technical terms generally used for the design of stairs are defined below:

Baluster: It is a vertical member supporting the handrail. The combined framework of handrail and baluster is known as balustrade.
Flight: It is a series of steps without any platform or landing or break in their direction.
Tread: It is an upper horizontal part of a step on which the foot is placed while ascending or descending a stairway.
Step: This is a portion of a stair which comprises the tread and riser. This permits ascending or descending from one floor to another.
Riser: This is a vertical member between two treads. This provides support to the tread.
Rise: This is the vertical distance between the upper faces of any two consecutive ...