book

Basic Civil Engineering

by Satheesh Gopi

September 2009

Beginner

348 pages

10h 19m

English

Pearson India

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1.1 - Sources of Stones1.2 - Classification of Rocks1.3 - Dressing of Stones1.4 - Properties of Good Stone1.5 - Common Building Stones in India
2.1 - Natural Sources of Sand2.2 - Classification of Sand2.3 - Bulking of Sand2.4 - Properties of Good Sand
3.1 - Sources of Lime3.2 - Classification of Lime3.3 - Calcination of Lime in Clamps and Kilns3.4 - Slaking of Lime3.5 - Comparison Between Fat Lime and Hydraulic Lime3.6 - Uses of Lime
4.1 - Properties of Cement4.2 - Ingredients of Cement4.3 - Setting Time of Cement4.4 - Manufacture of Cement4.5 - Different Types of Cement and Uses4.6 - Different Grades of Cement4.7 - Storage of Cement

5.1 - Composition of Good Brick Earth5.2 - Manufacture of Bricks5.3 - Size and Weight of Bricks5.4 - Qualities of a Good Brick5.5 - Falg Bricks5.6 - Fly Ash Bricks
6.1 - Different Types of Tiles6.2 - Characteristics of a Good Tile6.3 - Porcelain Glazed Tiles
7.1 - Classifications of Trees7.2 - Structure of a Tree7.3 - Qualities of Good Timber7.4 - Seasoning of Timber7.5 - Common Timbers Used for Building Work7.6 - Types of Plywood and Their Uses7.7 - Veneers7.8 - Particle Board
8.1 - Uses of Steel in Building Works8.2 - Steel as a Reinforcement in Concrete8.3 - Market Forms of Steel
9.1 - Manufacture9.2 - Properties of Aluminium9.3 - Uses9.4 - Aluminium as a Building Material
10.1 - Characteristics of an Ideal Paint10.2 - Ingredients of Paint10.3 - Types of Paints10.4 - Uses of Paint10.5 - Varnish10.6 - Ingredients of Varnish10.7 - Characteristics of Ideal Varnishes10.8 - Types of Varnishes
11.1 - Glass11.2 - Rubber11.3 - PVC11.4 - Plaster of Paris11.5 - Damp Proofing Materials11.6 - Adhesives11.7 - Cost-Effective Materials
12.1 - Building Components and Their Basic Requirements12.2 - Planning Regulations
13.1 - Purpose of Providing a Foundation13.2 - Bearing Capacity of Soil13.3 - Plate Load Test13.4 - Various Types of Foundations with Sketches
14.1 - Functions of Mortar in Building Works14.2 - Types of Mortars and Their Preparation
15.1 - Definition of Terms15.2 - Stone Masonry15.3 - Classification of Stone Masonry15.4 - Brick Masonry15.5 - Types of Brick Masonry15.6 - Bonds in Brick Masonry15.7 - General Principles in Brick Masonry
16.1 - Ingredients of Concrete and Their Functions16.2 - Proportion of Mix Used for Different Works16.3 - Fine Aggregate and Coarse Aggregate16.4 - Significance of Sand in Concrete16.5 - Water–Cement Ratio16.6 - Properties of Concrete16.7 - Mixing of Concrete16.8 - Transporting and Placing of Concrete16.9 - Compaction of Concrete16.10 - Curing of Concrete16.11 - Formwork
17.1 - Location of Doors and Windows17.2 - Doors17.3 - Windows17.4 - Types of Doors17.5 - Types of Windows17.6 - Fixtures and Fastenings for Doors and Windows
18.1 - Technical Terms18.2 - Pitched Roof or Sloping Roof18.3 - Flat Roofs18.4 - Shell Roof18.5 - Domes18.6 - Selection of Roof Covering Materials18.7 - Roof Covering Materials
19.1 - Factors Affecting Selection of Floorings19.2 - Types of Floor19.3 - Floor Covering
20.1 - Requirements of a Good Stair20.2 - Types of Stairs20.3 - Stairs of Different Materials
21.1 - Requirements of Good Plaster21.2 - Methods of Plastering
22.1 - Types of Paints22.2 - Uses of Paint22.3 - Painting of Different Surfaces22.4 - White Washing22.5 - Colour Washing22.6 - Distempering22.7 - Tiling of Walls
23.1 - Sources of Dampness23.2 - Effects of Dampness23.3 - Techniques and Methods of Damp Prevention23.4 - Materials Used for Damp Proofing (DPC)
24.1 - Air Conditioning24.2 - Fire Protection24.3 - Ventilation24.4 - Lifts and Escalators
25.1 - Deterioration of Concrete25.2 - Deterioration in Masonry Works25.3 - Prevention of Cracks and Leaks25.4 - Repair of Cracks and Leaks25.5 - Cost-Effective Construction25.6 - Anti-Termite Treatments in Buildings
26.1 - Chain Surveying26.2 - Introduction to Recent Advances in Surveying
27.1 - Purpose of Levelling27.2 - Major Parts of Levelling Instrument27.3 - Levelling Staff27.4 - Technical Terms Used in Levelling27.5 - Levelling – Field Work27.6 - Fly Levelling27.7 - Contour27.8 - Computing Reduced Levels Using Height of Collimation Method (HI Method)27.9 - Computing Reduced Level Using Rise and Fall Method27.10 - Theodolite
28.1 - The Concept of Environment28.2 - Environmental Engineering28.3 - Development of Environmental Engineering28.4 - Scope of Environmental Engineering28.5 - Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation28.6 - Environmental Segments28.7 - The Natural Cycles of the Environment28.8 - The Water or Hydrological Cycle28.9 - Different Processes in Water Cycle28.10 - The Oxygen Cycle28.11 - The Nitrogen Cycle28.12 - The Phosphate Cycle28.13 - Ecosystem28.14 - Function and Biodiversity28.15 - The Study of Ecosystems28.16 - Ecosystem Ecology28.17 - Systems Ecology
29.1 - Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering29.2 - The History of Geotechnical Engineering29.3 - Geotechnical Engineering Applications29.4 - Soil Mechanics29.5 - The Basic Characteristics of Soil29.6 - Soil Properties29.7 - Geotechnical Investigation29.8 - Geophysical Exploration29.9 - Geosynthetics
30.1 - Introduction30.2 - The Planning and Design Aspects of Transport Engineering30.3 - Different Modes of Transport30.4 - Highway Engineering30.5 - Rail Engineering30.6 - Port and Harbour Engineering30.7 - Airport Engineering30.8 - Traffic Engineering30.9 - Municipal or Urban Engineering
31.1 - Introduction31.2 - Benefits of Irrigation31.3 - Types of Irrigation31.4 - Dam and Weirs31.5 - History of Dams31.6 - Types of Dams31.7 - Purposes for Construction of Dams31.8 - Identifying a Location for the Construction of a Dam31.9 - Impact Assessment31.10 - Human Social Impact31.11 - Economics31.12 - Weir31.13 - Functions of a Weir31.14 - Types of Weirs
32.1 - Introduction32.2 - CAD Computers32.3 - Capability of CAD32.4 - Numerically Controlled Machines32.5 - AutoCAD32.6 - AutoCAD LT32.7 - AutoCAD Student Versions32.8 - Vertical Programs32.9 - Different versions of AutoCAD32.10 - Design Web Format32.11 - Alternatives for DWF32.12 - DWG (Drawing) (File Extension is .dwg)32.13 - AutoCAD DXF (File Extension is .dxf)32.14 - File Structure of DXF32.15 - Software which supports DXF32.16 - The Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES)32.17 - Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)32.18 - Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)32.19 - Electronic Design Automation32.20 - Multidisciplinary Design Optimization32.21 - 3D Computer Graphics Software32.22 - Popular Packages Used in 3D Modelling32.23 - Basic Commands in AutoCAD32.24 - The AutoCAD Interface

Content preview from Basic Civil Engineering

Chapter 27 Levelling

Levelling is the art of determining the relative elevations of different objects or points on the earth's surface. This is done by taking measurements in the vertical plane. Hence, this branch of surveying deals with measurements in vertical planes.

For the execution of civil engineering works such as major buildings, highways, dams, canals, water supply and sanitary schemes, it is necessary to determine elevations of different points along the alignments of a proposed project for the design and execution of the project. Success of the projects depends upon accurate determination of elevations of the ground control points as well as control points of the structures. Levelling is employed to provide an accurate network of ...