book

Engineering Drawing, 2nd Edition

by M. B. Shah, B. C. Rana

June 2009

Intermediate to advanced

572 pages

18h 38m

English

Pearson India

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Objectives1.1 Introduction1.2 Drawing Instruments1.2.1 Drawing Board1.2.2 Minidrafter1.2.3 Precision Instrument Box1.2.4 Set Squares1.2.5 Engineers’ Scales1.2.6 Protractor1.2.7 Irregular or French Curves1.2.8 Spring Clips1.2.9 Drawing Papers1.2.10 Pencils1.2.11 Erasers1.2.12 Erasing Shields1.2.13 Templates1.2.14 Dusters1.2.15 Flexible Curves1.2.16 Tracing Paper1.2.17 T-Square1.3 Title Block1.4 Points to RememberExercisesReview Questions

Objectives2.1 Introduction2.2 Symbolic Lines2.3 Lettering2.4 General Rules for LetteringExercisesReview Questions
Objectives3.1 Introduction3.2 Methods of Construction3.3 Loci of Points3.4 Engineering Curves3.4.1 Conics3.4.2 Cycloidal Curves3.4.3 Involutes3.4.4 SpiralsExercisesCritical Thinking ExercisesHints for Solving Critical Thinking Exercises
Objectives4.1 Introduction4.2 Representative Fraction4.3 Construction of Scales4.4 Types of Scales4.4.1 Plain Scales4.4.2 Diagonal Scales4.4.3 Vernier Scales4.4.4 Comparative Scales4.4.5 Scale of ChordsExercisesCritical Thinking Exercises
Objectives5.1 Introduction5.2 Orthographic Projections5.3 First-Angle Projections5.4 Second-, Third- and Fourth-Angle Projections5.5 Projections of Lines5.6 Angles Between Lines and Reference Planes5.7 Projections of Lines Parallel to One and Inclined to the Other Reference Plane5.8 Projections of Lines Inclined to Both the Reference Planes5.9 Problems Related to Lines Inclined to Both the Reference Planes5.9.1 To Find the True Length of a Line5.9.2 To Find the Angle of Inclination5.10 Traces of a Line5.11 Procedure for Locating the HT and the VT5.12 Procedure When the HT and/or the VT is Given5.13 Side Views5.14 Shortest Distance Between a Given Line AB and Ground Line XYExercisesCritical Thinking Exercises
Objectives6.1 Introduction6.2 The Auxiliary Plane Method6.2.1 Projection of a Point on an Auxiliary Vertical Plane (AVP)6.2.2 Projection of a Point on an Auxiliary Inclined Plane (AIP)6.3 Procedure for Drawing an Auxiliary Front View (AFV)6.4 Procedure for Drawing an Auxiliary Top View (ATV)ExercisesCritical Thinking ExercisesHints for Solving ExercisesHints for Solving Critical Thinking Exercises
Objectives7.1 Introduction7.2 Positions of Planes7.2.1 Planes Parallel to the VP7.2.2 Planes Parallel to the HP7.2.3 Planes Perpendicular to the VP and Inclined to the HP7.2.4 Planes Perpendicular to the HP and Inclined to the VP7.2.5 Planes Inclined to Both the Reference Planes7.3 Positions When the Shape and Size in the Front View and/or Top View are GivenExercisesCritical Thinking ExercisesHints for Solving ExercisesHints for Solving Critical Thinking Exercises
Objectives8.1 Introduction8.2 Solids8.2.1 Prisms and Pyramids8.2.2 Cylinders and Cones8.2.3 Frustums8.3 Orthographic Projections of Solids8.3.1 Projections of Solids with the Axis Perpendicular to one of the Reference Planes and Parallel to the Other Two8.3.2 Projections of Solids with the Axis Parallel to One of the Reference Planes and Inclined to the Other8.4 Additional Points for Two-Step Problems8.4.1 The Axis of a Solid is Required to be Parallel to the VP and Inclined at θ to the HP8.4.2 The Axis of a Solid is Required to be Parallel to the HP and Inclined at φ to the VP8.5 Deciding the Position of the Axis8.6 Visibility of Surfaces8.7 Projections of Solids with the Axis Inclined to Both the HP and the VP8.8 Projections of SpheresExercisesCritical Thinking ExercisesHints for Solving ExercisesHints for Solving Critical Thinking Exercises
Objectives9.1 Introduction9.2 Cutting Planes9.3 Sections and Sectional Views9.4 Drawing Sectional Views9.5 Locating the CP Position When the True Shape of a Section is Known9.5.1 Hints to Remember9.5.2 The Procedure for Locating the Cutting PlaneExercisesCritical Thinking ExercisesHints for Solving ExercisesHints for Solving Critical Thinking Exercises
Objectives10.1 Introduction10.2 Determination of the Curve of Intersection10.3 The Line Method10.4 Procedure for the Line Method10.5 Deciding the Visibility of the Curve of Intersection10.5.1 Determining Cut-Off Portions of Lines on the Penetrated Solid10.5.2 Visibility When the Solid Has a Hole10.6 The Cutting Plane MethodExercisesCritical Thinking ExercisesHints for Solving ExercisesHints for Solving Critical Thinking Exercises
Objectives11.1 Introduction11.2 Understanding the Development of Surfaces11.3 Methods for Development11.4 Methods for Development of Cut Surfaces11.4.1 The Line Method11.4.2 The Cutting Plane MethodExercisesCritical Thinking ExercisesHints for Solving ExercisesHints for Solving Critical Thinking Exercises
Objectives12.1 Introduction12.2 Multiview Orthographic Projections12.3 Objects Bounded by Plane Surfaces12.4 Reading an Isometric or Oblique Parallel Projection12.4.1 Rules for Reading the Position of Each Line or Surface of an Object in a Pictorial View12.4.2 Misleading Conditions in Pictorial ViewsExercisesCritical Thinking Exercises
Objectives13.1 Introduction13.2 Projections of Sectional Views13.3 Hatching Lines13.4 Drawing Sectional Views of Machine Parts13.5 Types of Sectional Views13.5.1 Full-Sectional View13.5.2 Half-Sectional View13.5.3 Offset Sections13.5.4 Revolved Sections13.5.5 Removed Sections13.5.6 Partial Section or Broken SectionExercisesCritical Thinking Exercises
Objectives14.1 Introduction14.2 Dimensioning14.2.1 Dimension Lines14.2.2 Extension or Projection Lines14.2.3 Leaders14.3 Dimensioning Systems14.4 Dimensioning Principles14.5 Dimensioning Pictorial ViewsExercisesCritical Thinking Exercises
Objectives15.1 Introduction15.2 The Front Auxiliary View15.3 The Top Auxiliary View or Auxiliary Elevation15.4 The Side Auxiliary View15.5 Partial Views15.6 Drawing the Apparent Shapes of SurfacesExercisesCritical Thinking Exercises
Objectives16.1 Introduction16.2 Reading Orthographic Projections16.3 Reading Orthographic Projections by Visualizing the Bounding Surfaces16.4 Recognizing the Projections of the Same Plane SurfaceExercisesCritical Thinking Exercises
Objectives17.1 Introduction17.2 Types of Pictorial Projections17.3 Isometric Projections17.3.1 The Isometric Scale17.3.2 Drawing Isometric Projections of Solid Objects17.3.3 Procedure for Drawing Isometric Projections of an Object17.3.4 The Isometric Projection of a SphereExercisesCritical Thinking Exercises
Objectives18.1 Introduction18.2 Oblique Parallel Projections18.3 The Oblique Parallel Projections of a Cube18.4 Perspective Projections18.4.1 Terminology18.4.2 Theory of Perspective Projections18.4.3 The Visual Ray Method18.4.4 The Vanishing Point Method18.4.5 Important Points About Perspective ProjectionsExercisesCritical Thinking Exercises
Objectives19.1 Introduction19.2 Screw Threads19.2.1 The Terminology for Threads19.2.2 The Forms of Screw Threads19.3 Representation of Threads19.4 Bolts, Nuts and Washers19.5 Hexagonal Nuts19.5.1 Orthographic Projections of a Hexagonal Nut19.5.2 Symbolic Views of a Hexagonal Nut19.6 Projections of a Hexagonal-Headed Bolt19.7 Washers19.8 Square Nuts19.9 Types of Nuts19.10 Types of Bolt Heads19.11 Set Screws19.12 Foundation Bolts19.13 Tap Bolts19.14 Stud Bolts19.15 Locking Arrangements for NutsExercisesCritical Thinking Exercises
Objectives20.1 Introduction20.2 Types of Rivet Heads20.3 Riveted Joints20.3.1 Lap Joints20.3.2 Butt Joints20.4 Welding20.5 Types of Welded Joints20.5.1 Types of Welds20.5.2 Welding Drawing20.5.3 Representation of Welded Joints20.5.4 Indication for Plate Preparation20.5.5 Dimensioning Welds20.5.6 Supplementary Symbols20.5.7 Indicating the Welding ProcessExercisesCritical Thinking Exercises
Objectives21.1 Introduction21.2 Using AutoCAD21.2.1 A Mouse21.2.2 A Keyboard21.2 AutoCAD Command Access21.3 Menus and Toolbars21.4 Toolbars21.4.1 Opening a File21.4.2 Saving a File21.5 Execution of Commands21.5.1 The Donut and Spline Commands21.5.2 The Line Command21.5.3 The Coordinate Systems Command21.5.4 The Polygon Command21.5.5 The Circle Command21.5.6 The Arc Command21.5.7 The Ellipse Command21.5.8 The Hatch Command21.5.9 The Zoom Command21.5.10 The Regen Command21.5.11 The UCS Command21.5.12 The Units Command21.5.13 Drawing Limits21.5.14 The Grid Command21.5.15 The Offset Command21.5.16 The Change Command21.5.17 The Chprop Command21.5.18 The Erase Command21.5.19 The Trim Command21.5.20 The Array Command21.5.21 The Mirror Command21.5.22 The Copy Command21.5.23 The Move Command21.5.24 The Chamfer Command21.5.25 The Fillet Command21.5.26 The Pedit Command21.5.27 The Dimension Command21.5.28 The Extend Command21.5.29 The Lengthen Command21.6 Three-Dimensional Modelling21.6.1 The Wire Frame Model21.6.2 The Surface Model21.6.3 The Solid ModelExercisesCritical Thinking Exercise

Content preview from Engineering Drawing, 2nd Edition

16 Reading Orthographic Projections

OBJECTIVES

After reading this chapter, you will be able to

Visualize the shape of objects from the given orthographic projections
Convert any given view into a sectional view and draw additional views

16.1 INTRODUCTION

Orthographic projections are meant to convey complete information about the shapes and sizes of the projected objects. A draughtsman prepares a drawing from his knowledge of the shape and size of the object, whereas an engineer reads a drawing. Reading a drawing implies visualizing the shape and size of the object by interpreting the projections of the boundaries of the surfaces of the object. By reading a drawing, the engineer on a shop floor should be able to correctly visualize the ...