Epidemiology of Electromagnetic Fields

264 Epidemiology of Electromagnetic Fields

More recent studies, with a lower probability of bias and that used more advanced

exposure characterization methods such as personal dosimeters and exposure predic-

tion modeling, have been less likely to demonstrate signicant results (Thomas etal. 2008;

Heinrich etal. 2010; Mohler etal. 2010, 2012; Frei etal. 2012). A representative example is

illustrated in Figure16.1, in relation to sleep problems as a health outcome.

The principal advantage of observational studies over provocation experiments lies in

the fact that they assess long-term exposure and outcomes in large population samples.

Consid ...