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Future of EMF Epidemiology
Mireille B. Toledano and Rachel B. Smith
Introduction
Radiofrequency-electromagnetic elds (RF-EMFs) and extremely low frequency
(ELF)-magnetic elds have been classied as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group2B)
on the basis of limited evidence (IARC 2002; Baan etal. 2011). Methodological limitations
in epidemiological research and the absence of established biological mechanisms for
either RF-EMFs or ELF-MFs to support causal relationships make it difcult to reach
rm conclusions. For intermediate frequency (IF)-electromagnetic elds, data on health
effects are sparse and too limited for risk assessment ( ...