
251Networking for Cloud Computing
congestion control mechanisms. As a result, the shortcomings in the funda-
mental design of TCP have become increasingly apparent. In this section, we
mainly focus on the challenges faced by the state-of-the-art TCP in DCNs.
10.4.1.1 TCP Incast
TCP incast has been dened as the pathological behavior of TCP that results
in gross underutilization of the link capacity in various many-to-one com-
munication patterns [8], for example, partition/aggregate application pattern
as shown in Figure 10.4. Such patterns are the foundation of numerous large-
scale applications like web search, MapReduce, social network content ...