book

Linear Electric Machines, Drives, and MAGLEVs Handbook, 2nd Edition

Name: Linear Electric Machines, Drives, and MAGLEVs Handbook, 2nd Edition
Author: Ion Boldea
ISBN: 9781000906127

by Ion Boldea

July 2023

Intermediate to advanced

736 pages

21h 18m

English

CRC Press

Read now

Unlock full access

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface to the First and Second Editions
Author
Chapter 1 Fields, Forces, and Materials for LEMs
1.1 Review of Electromagnetic Field Theory1.1.1 Poisson, Laplace, and Helmholtz Equations1.1.2 Boundary Conditions1.1.3 Energy Relations1.1.4 Resistor, Inductor, and Capacitor1.2 Forces in Electromagnetic Fields of Primitive LEMs1.3 Magnetic, Electric, and Insulation Materials for LEMs1.3.1 Soft Magnetic Materials1.3.2 Permanent Magnets1.3.3 Magnetic Core Losses1.4 Electric Conductors and Their Skin Effects1.5 Insulation Materials for LEMs1.5.1 Piezoelectric and Magnetostriction Effect Materials in LEMs1.6 Magnetostriction Effect LEMs1.7 Methods of Approach1.8 SummaryReferences
Chapter 2 Classifications and Applications of LEMs
2.1 Linear Induction Machines2.2 Linear Synchronous Motors for Transportation2.3 Industrial Usage Linear Synchronous Machines2.4 Solenoids and Linear Oscillatory Machines2.5 More Linear Electric Motor (LEM) Application Examples2.6 SummaryReferencesSuggested Reading
Chapter 3 Linear Induction Motors: Topologies, Fields, Forces, and Powers Including Edge, End, and Skin Effects
3.1 Topologies of Practical Interest3.2 Specific LIM Phenomena3.2.1 Skin Effect3.2.2 Large Airgap Fringing3.2.3 Primary Slot Opening Influence on Equivalent Magnetic Airgap3.2.4 Edge Effects3.2.5 Edge Effects for SLIMs3.3 Dynamic End-Effect Quasi-One-Dimensional Field Theory3.3.1 Dynamic End-Effect Waves3.3.2 Dynamic End-Effect Consequences in a DLIM3.3.3 Dynamic End Effect in SLIMs3.4 Summary of Analytical Field Theories of LIMs3.5 Finite Element Field Analysis of LIMs3.6 Dynamic End-Effect Compensation3.6.1 Designing at Optimum Goodness Factor3.6.2 LIMs in Row and Connected in Series3.6.3 PM Wheel for End-Effect Compensation3.7 Slit Aluminum on Solid-Iron-Secondary SLIM for Reducing Edge Effects3.8 SummaryReferences

Chapter 4 Linear Induction Motors: Circuit Theories, Transients, and Control
4.1 Low-Speed/High-Speed Divide4.2 LIM Circuit Models without Dynamic End Effect4.2.1 Low-Speed Flat DLIMs4.3 Flat SLIMs with Al-On-Iron Long (Fix) Secondary4.4 Flat SLIMs with Ladder Secondary4.5 Tubular SLIM with Ladder Secondary4.6 Circuit Models of High-Speed (High Goodness Factor) SLIMs4.7 Low-Speed LIM Transients and Control4.7.1 Space–Phasor (DQ) Model4.8 Control of Low-Speed LIMs4.8.1 Scalar I1 – Sf1 Closed-Loop Control4.8.2 Vector Control of Low-Speed LIMs4.8.3 Sensorless Direct Thrust and Flux Control of Low-Speed LIMs4.9 High-Speed LIM Transients and Control4.10 DTFC of High-Speed LIMs4.11 More, Advanced, LIM Control Issues4.11.1 An Advanced (x-Exp) Equivalent Circuit4.11.2 Loss Minimization LIM Vector Control Considering Dynamic End Effects4.11.3 Second-Order Sliding Mode MRAS Encoderless LIM Control4.12 SummaryReferences
Chapter 5 Design of Flat and Tubular Low-Speed LIMs
5.1 Introduction5.2 Flat SLIM with Ladder Long Secondary and Short Primary5.2.1 Specifications5.2.2 Additional Experience-Based Data5.2.3 Primary Sizing5.2.4 The Number of Turns and Equivalent Circuit Parameters5.3 Tubular SLIM with Cage Secondary5.3.1 Specifications5.3.2 Additional Experience-Based Data5.3.3 Equivalent Circuit Parameter Expressions5.3.4 Pole Pitch τmax and Its Design Consequences5.3.5 The Rated Slip Frequency f2r5.3.6 The Primary Phase mmf: w1I1r and Primary Slot Depth hs15.3.7 Number of Turns Per Phase w1 and Equivalent Circuit Parameters5.3.8 Power Factor and Efficiency5.3.9 Note on Optimization Design5.4 SummaryReferences
Chapter 6 Transportation (Medium- and High-Speed) SLIM Design
6.1 Introduction6.2 Urban SLIM Vehicles (Medium Speeds)6.2.1 Specifications6.2.2 Additional Data from Prior Experience6.2.3 Main Dimensions6.2.4 Peak Thrust Capability6.2.5 Dynamic End Effect Influence6.2.6 Secondary Thermal Design6.3 High-Speed (Interurban) SLIM Vehicles Design6.4 Optimization Design of SLIM: Urban Vehicles6.5 SummaryReferences
Chapter 7 DC-Excited Linear Synchronous Motors (DCE-LSM) Steady State, Design, Transients, and Control
7.1 Introduction and Topologies7.2 DC Exciter (Inductor) Design Guidelines7.3 Stator (Armature) Core Design7.4 DCE-LSM Parameters and Performance7.5 Circuit Model for Transients and Control7.6 Field-Oriented Control of DCE-LSM7.7 Note on PM + DCE-LSM7.8 SummaryReferences
Chapter 8 Superconducting Magnet Linear Synchronous Motors
8.1 Introduction8.2 Superconducting Magnet8.3 Technical Field and Circuit Theory of SM-LSM8.3.1 Magnetic Field of a Rectangular SM in Air8.3.2 EMF E1 Inductance and Resistance Ls, Rs per Phase8.3.3 Phasor Diagram, Power Factor, and Efficiency8.3.4 Numerical Example 8.18.4 Normal and Lateral Forces8.4.1 Numerical Example 8.28.5 SM-LSM with Eight-Shape-Stator Coils8.6 Control of SM-LSM8.7 Transverse-Flux Linear Synchronous HTS Motor for Integrated Propulsion, Levitation and Guidance (Proof of Concept)8.8 SummaryReferences
Chapter 9 Homopolar Linear Synchronous Motors (H-LSM): Modeling, Design, and Control
9.1 H-LSM: Construction and Principle Issues9.2 DC Homopolar Excitation Airgap Flux Density and AC emf E19.3 Armature Reaction and Magnetization Synchronous Inductances Ldm and Lqm9.4 Longitudinal End Effect in H-LSM9.5 Preliminary Design Methodology by Example9.5.1 Armature AC Winding Specifics and Phasor Diagram9.5.2 Primary Core Teeth Saturation Limit9.5.3 Preliminary Design Expressions9.6 H-LSM Model for Transients and Control9.7 Vector Thrust (Propulsion) and Flux (Suspension) Control9.8 SummaryReferences
Chapter 10 Linear Reluctance Synchronous Motors: Modeling, Performance Design, and Control
10.1 Ldm, Lqm Magnetization Inductances of Continuous Secondary (Standard) L-RSM10.2 Ldm, Lqm Magnetization Inductances for Segmented Secondary L-RSM10.3 Ldm, Lqm (Magnetization) Inductances in Multiple Flux Barrier Secondary L-RSM10.4 Reduction of Thrust Pulsations10.5 dq (Space-Phasor) Model of L-RSM10.6 Steady-State Characteristics for Vector Control Strategies10.7 Design Methodology for Low Speed by Example10.7.1 Solution10.7.1.1 Primary Geometry and Maximum mmf per Slot10.7.1.2 Primary Slot Design (Figure 10.11)10.7.1.3 Circuit Parameter Expressions10.7.1.4 Turns per PhaseW110.7.1.5 Verification of Peak Thrust at Maximum Speed10.7.1.6 Primary Active Weight10.8 Control of L-RSM10.8.1 “Active Flux” Vector Control of L-RSM10.8.2 Direct Thrust and Normal Force (Levitation) Control10.9 SummaryReferences
Chapter 11 Linear Switched Reluctance Motors (L-SRM): Modeling, Design, and Control
11.1 Practical Topologies11.2 Principle of Operation11.3 Instantaneous Thrust11.4 Average Thrust and Energy Conversion Ratio11.5 Converter Rating11.6 State Space Equations and Equivalent Circuit11.7 Small Signal Model of L-SRM11.8 PWM Converters for L-SRMs11.9 Design Methodology by Example11.9.1 L-SRM Control11.9.2 Note on Motion-Sensorless Control11.10 SummaryReferences
Chapter 12 Flat Linear Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors
12.1 A Few Practical Topologies12.2 Multilayer Field Model of Iron-Core F-LPMSMs with Sinusoidal EMFS and Currents12.3 Magnetic Equivalent Circuit (MEC) Theory of Iron-Core F-LPMSM12.4 Analytical Multilayer Field Theory of Air-Core F-LPMSM12.5 Cogging Force and Longitudinal End Effects12.5.1 End Effects in 2(4) Pole PM-Secondary F-LPMSMs12.6 The dq Model of F-LPMSM with Sinusoidal EMF12.7 Steady-State Characteristics for Typical Control Strategies12.7.1 Maximum Thrust per Current Characteristics (Ld = Lq = Ls)12.7.2 Maximum Thrust/Flux (Ld = Lq = Ls)12.8 F-LPMSM Control12.8.1 Field Oriented Control (FOC)12.8.2 Direct Thrust and Flux (Levitation) Control (DTFC) of F-LPMSMs12.9 Design Methodology of L-PMSM by Example12.9.1 PM-Secondary Sizing12.9.2 Primary Sizing12.9.3 Circuit Parameters and Vector Diagram12.9.4 Number of Turns per Coil WL and Wire Gauge DCo12.9.5 Efficiency, Power Factor, and Voltage at Base Thrust12.9.6 Primary Active Weight12.9.7 Design Summary12.9.8 Note on F-LPMSM as Three-Phase Generator12.10 Detent, Thrust and Normal Forces in a Double-Sided F-LPMSM with Shifted Primary Cores: A Case Study12.11 SummaryReferences
Chapter 13 Tubular Linear Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors
13.1 A Few Practical Topologies13.2 Fractionary (q ≤ 1) Three-Phase AC Winding13.2.1 Cogging Force13.3 Technical Field Theory of T-LPMSM13.4 Circuit dq Model of T-LPMSM13.5 Advanced Analytical Field Theories of T-LPMSMs13.5.1 PM Field Distribution13.6 Core Losses13.7 Control of T-LPMSMs13.7.1 Field-Oriented Control13.7.2 Direct Thrust and Flux Control13.8 Design Methodology13.8.1 Design of Magnetic Circuit13.8.2 Airgap Flux Density BgSPM13.8.3 Slot mmf for Peak Thrust13.8.4 Circuit Parameters13.8.5 Number of Turns per Coil nc (All Four Circular Shape Coils per Phase in Series)13.8.6 Copper Losses and Efficiency13.9 Generator Design Methodology13.9.1 Generator Control Design Aspects13.10 Lower Detent Force Issues13.10.1 The T-LPMSM with Modular Primary and One Long Slot/Phase on this Configuration13.10.2 Slotless Modular T-LPMSM13.11 SummaryReferences
Chapter 14 Multi-Pole Coil Three- or Two-Phase Linear PM Reluctance Motors
14.1 A Few Practical Topologies14.1.1 Sawyer Linear PM Motor14.1.2 “Flux-Reversal” Configuration14.1.3 “Flux-Switching” Linear PM Reluctance Motors14.1.4 Flux-Reversal PM-Secondary Linear Reluctance Motors14.1.5 Transverse-Flux Linear PM Reluctance Motors14.1.6 Discussion14.2 Technical Theory of Flux-Reversal IPM-Primary LPMRM14.3 Numerical Example 14.1: FR-LPMRM Design14.3.1 Solution14.4 Transverse-Flux LPMRM Technical Theory14.5 Example 14.2: TF-LPMRM14.5.1 Solution14.5.2 Discussion14.6 Example 14.3: TF-LPMRG Energy Converter14.6.1 Solution14.6.2 Discussion14.7 Flux-Reversal PM Low-Frequency Linear Oscillatory Generator with Series Capacitors: A Case Study14.8 SummaryReferences
Chapter 15 Flux-Modulation Linear PM Motors and Magnetic Screws
15.1 Principles and a Few Typical Configurations15.2 Linear Vernier PM Motor with Alternate Flux Bridges in the PM Secondary15.3 Linear Vernier Motors15.4 Control Issues of Linear “Flux-Modulation” PM Machines15.4.1 Model Predictive Control15.4.1.1 Model Predictive Control (MPC) Equations15.4.2 Fault-Tolerant Control with Open Primary Winding15.5 The Magnetic Lead Screw (MLS) Analysis15.9 SummaryReferences
Chapter 16 Plunger Solenoids and Their Control
16.1 Introduction16.2 Principles16.3 Linear Circuit Model16.4 Eddy Currents and Magnetic Saturation16.5 Dynamic Nonlinear Magnetic and Electric Circuit Model16.6 PM-Less Solenoid Design and Control16.6.1 Bouncing Reduction16.6.2 FEM Direct Geometric Optimization Design16.7 PM Plunger Solenoid16.7.1 PM Shielding Solenoids16.7.2 PM-Assisted Solenoid Power Breaker16.8 Case Study: PM Twin-Coil Valve Actuators16.8.1 Topology and Principle16.8.2 FEM Analysis16.8.3 Direct Geometrical FEM Optimization Design16.8.4 FEM-Assisted Circuit Model and Open-Loop Dynamics16.8.5 FEM-Assisted Position Estimator16.8.6 Close-Loop Position Sensor and Sensorless Control16.9 SummaryReferences
Chapter 17 Linear Single-Phase PM Brushless Motor
17.1 Introduction17.2 Topology Aspects17.3 Principle and Analytical Modeling17.4 Geometrical Optimization Design by FEM17.5 Air-Core Configuration Design Aspects17.6 Design for Given Dynamics Specifications17.7 Close-Loop Position Control for a Digital Video Camera Focuser17.8 SummaryReferences
Chapter 18 Resonant Linear Oscillatory Single-Phase PM Motors/Generators
18.1 Introduction18.2 Coil-Mover LOMs (LOGs)18.2.1 Four-Coil-Mover LOM: Modeling and Design by Example18.2.1.1 Airgap: PM Flux Density18.2.1.2 Inductance18.2.1.3 Core Sizing and Core Losses18.2.1.4 The Phasor Diagram18.2.1.5 The Number of Turns per Coil nc18.2.2 Integrated Microspeakers and Receivers18.3 PM-Mover LOM(G)18.3.1 Tubular Homopolar LOM(G)18.3.2 25 W, 270 Hz, Tubular Multi-PM-Mover Multicoil LOM: Analysis by Example18.3.2.1 General Design Aspects18.3.2.2 Optimization Methodology by Example18.3.2.3 FEM Analysis18.3.2.4 Simplified Linear Circuit Model for Steady State and Transients18.3.2.5 Nonlinear Circuit Model and MATLAB® Code with Digital Simulation Results18.3.3 Double-Sided Flat PM-Mover LOM18.3.3.1 State-Space Model of the Linear Machine18.3.3.2 FEM Analysis18.3.3.3 Nonlinear Model18.3.3.4 Parameters Estimation18.3.3.5 Further Performance Improvements18.4 Iron-Mover Stator PM LOMs18.5 Linear Oscillatory Generator Control18.6 LOM Control18.7 Lower-Cost Manufacturable LOM with Stator PMs18.8 SummaryReferences
Chapter 19 Multiaxis Linear PM Motor Drives
19.1 Large X-Y (Planar) Motion PM Drive Topologies19.2 Modeling of Large Travel Planar Linear PM Drives With Rectangular AC Coils19.3 Planar Linear PM Motor Micron Positioning Control for Millimeter Range Travel19.4 Six DOF Control of a MAGLEV Stage19.5 Multiaxis Nanometer-Positioning MAGLEV Stage19.6 Large Range Robust 6 DOF Control of a Planar MAGLEV: A Case Study19.6.1 General Description19.6.2 Magnetic Forces and State Transformation19.6.3 Controller Design19.6.4 Sample Test Results19.7 SummaryReferences
Chapter 20 Attraction Force (Electromagnetic) Levitation Systems
20.1 Competitive Topologies20.2 Simplified Analytical Model20.3 Analytical Modeling of Longitudinal End Effect20.4 Preliminary Design Methodology20.5 Dynamic Modeling of ALS Control20.6 State Feedback Control of ALS20.7 Control System Performance Assessment20.8 Control Performance Example20.9 Vehicle Lifting at Standstill20.10 Robust Control Systems for ALSs20.11 Zero Power Sliding Mode Control for PM-Assisted ALSs20.12 Design of a Magnetically Levitated Tubular Linear PM Actuator: A Case Study20.12.1 Principles20.12.2 Design Issues20.13 SummaryReferences
Chapter 21 Repulsive Force Levitation Systems
21.1 Superconducting Coil RFLS: Competitive Technologies21.2 Sheet Secondary (Track) Normal-Flux RFLS21.3 Normal-Flux Ladder Secondary RFLS21.4 Null-Flux RFLS21.5 Dynamics of RFLS21.6 Damping RFLS Oscillations21.6.1 Active Electric Damper21.6.2 AED Response to Guideway Irregularities21.6.3 PED + SSS Dampers21.7 Repulsive Magnetic Wheel21.8 Coil-PM Repulsive Force Levitation System21.9 PM-PM Repulsive Force Levitation System21.10 “5-DOF Real-Time Sliding-Mode Control of Active PM-Electrodynamic Null-Flux MAGLEV”21.11 SummaryReferences
Chapter 22 Active Guideway MAGLEVs
22.1 Introduction22.2 DC-Excited Iron-Core LSM MAGLEV Vehicles (Transrapid)22.3 Supercon MAGLEVs22.4 Iron-Core Active Guideway Urban PM-LSM MAGLEVs22.5 Active Guideway Multimover Doubly-Fed LIM MAGLEV Industrial Platforms22.6 SummaryReferences
Chapter 23 Passive Guideway MAGLEVs
23.1 Introduction23.2 Lim-MAGLEVs23.2.1 Potential, Improved LIM-MAGLEV Concepts23.2.2 H-LSM MAGLEV (Magnibus)23.3 Potential Improvements on Magnibus System23.4 Transverse-Flux PM-LSM MAGLEVs23.5 DC-Polarized L-SRM MAGLEVs23.6 Multiphase (True Brushless) Linear Reluctance Machine MAGLEVs23.7 H-LSM Design for Integrated Propulsion, Levitation, and Guidance (A Case Study)23.8 Cage Secondary LIM Design for Integrated Propulsion/Levitation (A Case Study)23.9 SummaryReferences
List of Case Studies
Index

Content preview from Linear Electric Machines, Drives, and MAGLEVs Handbook, 2nd Edition

Preface to the First and Second Editions

Author

Chapter 1 Fields, Forces, and Materials for LEMs

1.1 Review of Electromagnetic Field Theory

1.1.1 Poisson, Laplace, and Helmholtz Equations

1.1.2 Boundary Conditions

1.1.3 Energy Relations

1.1.4 Resistor, Inductor, and Capacitor

1.2 Forces in Electromagnetic Fields of Primitive LEMs

1.3 Magnetic, Electric, and Insulation Materials for LEMs

1.3.1 Soft Magnetic Materials

1.3.2 Permanent Magnets

1.3.3 Magnetic Core Losses

1.4 Electric Conductors and Their Skin Effects

1.5 Insulation Materials for LEMs

1.5.1 Piezoelectric and Magnetostriction Effect Materials in LEMs

1.6 Magnetostriction Effect LEMs

1.7 Methods of Approach

1.8 Summary

References

Chapter 2 Classifications and Applications of ...

Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
and much more.

Read now

Unlock full access

More than 5,000 organizations count on O’Reilly

O’Reilly covers everything we've got, with content to help us build a world-class technology community, upgrade the capabilities and competencies of our teams, and improve overall team performance as well as their engagement.

Julian F.

Head of Cybersecurity

I wanted to learn C and C++, but it didn't click for me until I picked up an O'Reilly book. When I went on the O’Reilly platform, I was astonished to find all the books there, plus live events and sandboxes so you could play around with the technology.

Addison B.

Field Engineer

I’ve been on the O’Reilly platform for more than eight years. I use a couple of learning platforms, but I'm on O'Reilly more than anybody else. When you're there, you start learning. I'm never disappointed.

Amir M.

Data Platform Tech Lead

I'm always learning. So when I got on to O'Reilly, I was like a kid in a candy store. There are playlists. There are answers. There's on-demand training. It's worth its weight in gold, in terms of what it allows me to do.

Mark W.

Embedded Software Engineer

Linear Electric Machines, Drives, and MAGLEVs Handbook

Publisher Resources

ISBN: 9781000906127

Cloud Computing

Data Engineering

Data Science

AI & ML

Programming Languages

Software Architecture

IT/Ops

Security

Design

Business

Soft Skills

Linear Electric Machines, Drives, and MAGLEVs Handbook, 2nd Edition

by Ion Boldea

Contents

Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
and much more.