
Get to Know the Processor 51
evolutionary path. The most obvious example is Intel’s 80x86 family, which spans
from the original 8086 to the Pentium II—and beyond. In fact, the 80x86 family
has been so successful that it has spawned an entire industry of imitators.
As it is used in this book, the term processor refers to any of three types of devices
known as microprocessors, microcontrollers, and digital signal processors. The
name microprocessor is usually reserved for a chip that contains a powerful CPU
that has not been designed with any particular computation in mind. These chips
are usually the foundation of personal computers and high-end workstations. The
most common microprocessors are members of Motorola’s 68k—found in older
Macintosh computers—and the ubiquitous 80x86 families.
A microcontroller is very much like a microprocessor, except that it has been
designed specifically for use in embedded systems. Microcontrollers typically
include a CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM, ROM, or both), and other
peripherals in the same integrated circuit. If you purchase all of these items on a
single chip, it is possible to reduce the cost of an embedded system substantially.
Among the most popular microcontrollers are the 8051 and its many imitators and
Motorola’s 68HCxx series. It is also common to find microcontroller versions of
popular microprocessors. For example, Intel’s 386EX is a microcontroller ...