book

Renewable Energy Systems

by Fang Lin Luo, Ye Hong

December 2017

Intermediate to advanced

880 pages

18h 24m

English

CRC Press

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Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Author
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Stars in the Universe1.2 Our Mercury Galaxy, Nebulae, and Black Hole1.3 Redshift and Big Bang1.4 Solar System1.5 The Earth1.5.1 The Earth Is Round1.5.2 Revolution and Rotation1.5.3 The Earth Is a Planet in the Solar System1.5.4 Layers of the Earth1.5.5 Chemical Composition of the Earth’s Crust1.5.6 Water on the Earth1.5.7 Plates1.5.8 The Earth Is Very Fragile1.5.9 The Earth’s Geological Age1.5.10 Protection of the EarthReferences
Chapter 2 New Energy Sources
2.1 Nuclear Fission2.1.1 Fission Process2.1.2 Chain Reactions2.2 Nuclear Fusion2.2.1 Fusion Process2.2.2 Hydrogen2.2.3 Fusion Reactions2.2.4 Hot Fusion2.3 Capture of Neutrino2.3.1 Neutrino2.3.2 Neutrino Sources2.3.2.1 Artificial2.3.2.2 Geological2.3.2.3 Atmospheric2.3.2.4 Solar2.3.2.5 By Supernovae2.3.2.6 By Supernova Remnants2.3.2.7 By the Big Bang2.3.3 Neutrino Detection2.4 ConclusionReferences
Chapter 3 3G and Renewable Energies
3.1 Distributed Generation3.1.1 Economies of Scale3.1.2 Localized Generation3.1.3 Distributed Energy Resources3.1.4 Cost Factors3.2 Microgrid3.3 Smart Grid3.4 Solar Energy3.5 Renewable EnergyReferences

Chapter 4 Power Electronics
4.1 Symbols and Factors Used in This Book4.1.1 Symbols Used in Power Systems4.1.1.1 Summary of the Symbols4.1.2 Factors and Symbols Used in AC Power Systems4.1.2.1 Summary of the Symbols4.1.3 Factors and Symbols Used in DC Power Systems4.1.3.1 Summary of the Symbols4.1.4 Factors and Symbols Used in Switching Power Systems4.1.4.1 Summary of the Symbols4.1.5 Other Factors and Symbols4.1.5.1 Very Small Damping Time Constant4.1.5.2 Small Damping Time Constant4.1.5.3 Critical Damping Time Constant4.1.5.4 Large Damping Time Constant4.1.6 Fast Fourier Transform4.1.6.1 Central Symmetrical Periodical Function4.1.6.2 Axial (Mirror) Symmetrical Periodical Function4.1.6.3 Nonperiodical Function4.1.6.4 Useful Formulae and Data4.1.6.5 Examples of FFT Applications4.2 AC/DC Rectifiers4.2.1 Historic Problems4.2.2 Updated Circuits4.2.3 Power Factor Correction Methods4.3 DC/DC Converters4.3.1 Updated Converter4.3.2 New Concepts and Mathematical Modeling4.3.3 Power Rate Checking4.4 DC/AC Inverters4.4.1 Sorting Existing Inverters4.4.2 Updated Circuits4.4.3 Soft Switching Methods4.5 AC/AC Converters4.6 AC/DC/AC and DC/AC/DC ConvertersReferences
Chapter 5 Uncontrolled AC/DC Converters
5.1 Introduction5.2 Single-Phase Half-Wave Converters5.2.1 R Load5.2.2 R–L Load5.2.2.1 Graphical Method5.2.2.2 Iterative Method5.2.2.3 Iterative Method 25.2.3 R–L Circuit with Freewheeling Diode5.2.4 An R–L Load Circuit with a Back emf5.2.4.1 Negligible Load-Circuit Inductance5.2.5 Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier with a Capacitive Filter5.3 Single-Phase Full-Wave Converters5.3.1 R Load5.3.2 R–C Load5.3.3 R–L Load5.4 Three-Phase Half-Wave Converters5.4.1 R Load5.4.2 R–L Load5.5 Six-Phase Half-Wave Converters5.5.1 Six-Phase with Neutral Line Circuit5.5.2 Double Antistar with Balance-Choke Circuit5.6 Three-Phase Full-Wave Converters5.7 Multiphase Full-Wave Converters5.7.1 Six-Phase Full-Wave Diode Rectifiers5.7.2 Six-Phase Double-Bridge Full-Wave Diode Rectifiers5.7.3 Six-Phase Double-Transformer Double-Bridge Full-Wave Diode Rectifiers5.7.4 Six-Phase Triple-Transformer Double-Bridge Full-Wave Diode RectifiersReferences
Chapter 6 Controlled AC/DC Converters
6.1 Introduction6.2 Single-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Converters6.2.1 R Load6.2.2 R–L Load6.2.3 R–L Load Plus Back emf Vc6.3 Single-Phase Full-Wave Controlled Converters6.3.1 α > ϕ, Discontinuous Load Current6.3.2 α = ϕ, Verge of Continuous Load Current6.3.3 α < ϕ, Continuous Load Current6.4 Three-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifiers6.4.1 An R Load Circuit6.4.2 An R–L Load Circuit6.5 Six-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifiers6.5.1 Six-Phase with Neutral Line Circuit6.5.2 Double Antistar with Balance-Choke Circuit6.6 Three-Phase Full-Wave Controlled Converters6.7 Multi-Phase Full-Wave Controlled Converters6.8 Effect of Line Inductance on Output Voltage (Overlap)References
Chapter 7 Power Factor Correction Implementing in AC/DC Converters
7.1 Introduction7.2 DC/DC Converterized Rectifiers7.3 PWM Boost-Type Rectifiers7.3.1 DC-Side PWM Boost-Type Rectifier7.3.1.1 Constant-Frequency Control7.3.1.2 Constant-Tolerance-Band (Hysteresis) Control7.3.2 Source-Side PWM Boost-Type Rectifiers7.4 Tapped-Transformer Converters7.5 Single-Stage Power Factor Correction AC/DC Converters7.5.1 Operating Principles7.5.2 Mathematical Model Derivation7.5.2.1 Averaged Model over One Switching Period TS7.5.2.2 Averaged Model over One Half Line Period TL7.5.3 Simulation Results7.5.4 Experimental Results7.6 VIENNA Rectifiers7.6.1 Circuit Analysis and Principle of Operation7.6.2 Proposed Control Arithmetic7.6.3 Block Diagram of the Proposed Controller for VIENNA Rectifier7.6.4 Converter Design and Simulation Result7.6.5 Experimental ResultsReferences
Chapter 8 Classical DC/DC Converters
8.1 Introduction8.2 Fundamental Converters8.2.1 Buck Converter8.2.1.1 Voltage Relations8.2.1.2 Circuit Currents8.2.1.3 Continuous Current Condition (Continuous Conduction Mode)8.2.1.4 Capacitor Voltage Ripple8.2.2 Boost Converter8.2.2.1 Voltage Relations8.2.2.2 Circuit Currents8.2.2.3 Continuous Current Condition8.2.2.4 Output Voltage Ripple8.2.3 Buck-Boost Converter8.2.3.1 Voltage and Current Relations8.2.3.2 CCM Operation and Circuit Currents8.3 Positive Output Buck-Boost Converter8.3.1 Buck Operation Mode8.3.2 Boost Operation Mode8.3.3 Buck-Boost Operation Mode8.3.4 Operation Control8.4 Transformer-Type Converters8.4.1 Forward Converter8.4.1.1 Fundamental Forward Converter8.4.1.2 Forward Converter with Tertiary Winding8.4.1.3 Switch Mode Power Supplies with Multiple Outputs8.4.2 Fly-Back Converter8.4.3 Push–Pull Converter8.4.4 Half-Bridge Converter8.4.5 Bridge Converter8.4.6 Zeta Converter8.5 Developed Converters8.5.1 Positive Output Luo Converter (Elementary Circuit)8.5.2 Negative Output Luo Converter (Elementary Circuit)8.5.3 Double Output Luo Converter (Elementary Circuit)8.5.4 Cúk Converter8.5.5 Single-Ended Primary Inductance Converter8.6 Tapped-Inductor ConvertersReferences
Chapter 9 Voltage Lift Converters
9.1 Introduction9.2 Seven Self-Lift Converters9.2.1 Self-Lift Cúk Converter9.2.1.1 Continuous Conduction Mode9.2.1.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode9.2.2 Self-Lift P/O Luo Converter9.2.2.1 Continuous Conduction Mode9.2.2.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode9.2.3 Reverse Self-Lift P/O Luo Converter9.2.3.1 Continuous Conduction Mode9.2.3.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode9.2.4 Self-Lift N/O Luo Converter9.2.4.1 Continuous Conduction Mode9.2.4.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode9.2.5 Reverse Self-Lift N/O Luo Converter9.2.5.1 Continuous Conduction Mode9.2.5.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode9.2.6 Self-Lift SEPIC9.2.6.1 Continuous Conduction Mode9.2.6.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode9.2.7 Enhanced Self-Lift P/O Luo Converter9.3 P/O Luo Converters9.3.1 Re-Lift Circuit9.3.2 Triple-Lift Circuit9.3.3 Quadruple-Lift Circuit9.3.4 Summary9.4 N/O Luo Converters9.4.1 Re-Lift Circuit9.4.2 N/O Triple-Lift Circuit9.4.3 N/O Quadruple-Lift Circuit9.4.4 Summary
9.5 Modified P/O Luo Converters
9.5.1 Self-Lift Circuit9.5.2 Re-Lift Circuit9.5.3 Multilift Circuit9.6 Double-Output Luo Converters9.6.1 Self-Lift Circuit9.6.1.1 Positive Conversion Path9.6.1.2 Negative Conversion Path9.6.1.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode9.6.2 Re-Lift Circuit9.6.2.1 Positive Conversion Path9.6.2.2 Negative Conversion Path9.6.2.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode9.6.3 Triple-Lift Circuit9.6.3.1 Positive Conversion Path9.6.3.2 Negative Conversion Path9.6.3.3 Discontinuous Mode9.6.4 Quadruple-Lift Circuit9.6.4.1 Positive Conversion Path9.6.4.2 Negative Conversion Path9.6.4.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode9.6.5 Summary9.6.5.1 Positive Conversion Path9.6.5.2 Negative Conversion Path9.6.5.3 Common Parameters9.7 Voltage-Lift Cúk Converters9.7.1 Elementary Self-Lift Cúk Circuit9.7.2 Developed Self-Lift Cúk Circuit9.7.3 Re-Lift Cúk Circuit9.7.4 Multiple-Lift Cúk Circuit9.7.5 Simulation and Experimental Verification of Elementary and Developed Self-Lift Circuits9.8 Voltage-Lift SEPICs9.8.1 Self-Lift SEPIC9.8.2 Re-Lift SEPIC9.8.3 Multiple-Lift SEPICs9.8.4 Simulation and Experimental Results of a Re-Lift SEPIC
9.9 Other Double-Output Voltage-Lift Converters
9.9.1 Elementary Circuit9.9.2 Self-Lift Double-Output Circuit9.9.3 Enhanced Series Double-Output Circuits9.9.4 Simulation and Experimental Verification of an Enhanced Double-Output Self-Lift Circuit9.10 Switched-Capacitorized Converters9.10.1 One-Stage Switched-Capacitorized Buck Converter9.10.1.1 Operation Analysis9.10.1.2 Simulation and Experimental Results9.10.2 Two-Stage Switched-Capacitorized Buck-Boost Converter9.10.2.1 Operation Analysis9.10.2.2 Simulation and Experimental Results9.10.3 Three-Stage Switched-Capacitorized P/O Luo Converter9.10.3.1 Operation Analysis9.10.3.2 Simulation and Experimental Results9.10.4 Three-Stage Switched-Capacitorized N/O Luo Converter9.10.4.1 Operation Analysis9.10.4.2 Simulation and Experimental Results9.10.5 Discussion9.10.5.1 Voltage Drop across the Switched Capacitors9.10.5.2 Necessity of the Voltage Drop across the Switched Capacitors and Energy Transfer9.10.5.3 Inrush Input Current9.10.5.4 Power Switch-on Process9.10.5.5 Suppression of the Inrush and Surge Input CurrentReferences
Chapter 10 Super-Lift Converters and Ultra-Lift Converters
10.1 Introduction10.2 P/O SL Luo Converters10.2.1 Main Series10.2.1.1 Elementary Circuit10.2.1.2 Re-Lift Circuit10.2.1.3 Triple-Lift Circuit10.2.1.4 Higher-Order Lift-Circuit10.2.2 Additional Series10.2.2.1 Elementary Additional Circuit10.2.2.2 Re-Lift Additional Circuit10.2.2.3 Triple-Lift Additional Circuit10.2.2.4 Higher-Order-Lift Additional Circuit10.2.3 Enhanced Series10.2.3.1 Elementary Enhanced Circuit10.2.3.2 Re-Lift Enhanced Circuit10.2.3.3 Triple-Lift Enhanced Circuit10.2.3.4 Higher-Order-Lift Enhanced Circuit10.2.4 Re-Enhanced Series10.2.4.1 Elementary Re-Enhanced Circuit10.2.4.2 Re-Lift Re-Enhanced Circuit10.2.4.3 Triple-Lift Re-Enhanced Circuit10.2.4.4 Higher-Order-Lift Re-Enhanced Circuit10.2.5 Multiple-(j)Enhanced Series10.2.5.1 Elementary Multiple-Enhanced Circuit10.2.5.2 Re-Lift Multiple-(j)Enhanced Circuit10.2.5.3 Triple-Lift Multiple(j)-Enhanced Circuit10.2.5.4 Higher-Order-Lift Multiple-Enhanced Circuit10.2.6 Summary of P/O SL Luo Converters
10.3 N/O SL Luo Converters
10.3.1 Main Series10.3.1.1 N/O Elementary Circuit10.3.1.2 N/O Re-Lift Circuit10.3.1.3 N/O Triple-Lift Circuit10.3.1.4 N/O Higher-Order-Lift Circuit10.3.2 N/O Additional Series10.3.2.1 N/O Elementary Additional Circuit10.3.2.2 N/O Re-Lift Additional Circuit10.3.2.3 Triple-Lift Additional Circuit10.3.2.4 N/O Higher-Order-Lift Additional Circuit10.3.3 Enhanced Series10.3.3.1 N/O Elementary Enhanced Circuit10.3.3.2 N/O Re-Lift Enhanced Circuit10.3.3.3 N/O Triple-Lift Enhanced Circuit10.3.3.4 N/O Higher-Order-Lift Enhanced Circuit10.3.4 Re-Enhanced Series10.3.4.1 N/O Elementary Re-Enhanced Circuit10.3.4.2 N/O Re-Lift Re-Enhanced Circuit10.3.4.3 N/O Triple-Lift Re-Enhanced Circuit10.3.4.4 N/O Higher-Order-Lift Re-Enhanced Circuit10.3.5 N/O Multiple-Enhanced Series10.3.5.1 N/O Elementary Multiple-Enhanced Circuit10.3.5.2 N/O Re-Lift Multiple-Enhanced Circuit10.3.5.3 N/O Triple-Lift Multiple-Enhanced Circuit10.3.5.4 N/O Higher-Order-Lift Multiple- Enhanced Circuit10.3.6 Summary of N/O SL Luo Converters10.4 P/O Cascaded Boost Converters10.4.1 Main Series10.4.1.1 Elementary Boost Circuit10.4.1.2 Two-Stage Boost Circuit10.4.1.3 Three-Stage Boost Circuit10.4.1.4 Higher-Stage Boost Circuit10.4.2 Additional Series10.4.2.1 Elementary Boost Additional (Double) Circuit10.4.2.2 Two-Stage Boost Additional Circuit10.4.2.3 Three-Stage Boost Additional Circuit10.4.2.4 Higher-Stage Boost Additional Circuit10.4.3 Double Series10.4.3.1 Elementary Double-Boost Circuit10.4.3.2 Two-Stage Double-Boost Circuit10.4.3.3 Three-Stage Double-Boost Circuit10.4.3.4 Higher-Stage Double-Boost Circuit10.4.4 Triple Series10.4.4.1 Elementary Triple-Boost Circuit10.4.4.2 Two-Stage Triple-Boost Circuit10.4.4.3 Three-Stage Triple-Boost Circuit10.4.4.4 Higher-Stage Triple-Boost Circuit10.4.5 Multiple Series10.4.5.1 Elementary Multiple-Boost Circuit10.4.5.2 Two-Stage Multiple-Boost Circuit10.4.5.3 Three-Stage Multiple-Boost Circuit10.4.5.4 Higher-Stage Multiple-Boost Circuit10.4.6 Summary of P/O Cascaded Boost Converters
10.5 N/O Cascaded Boost Converters
10.5.1 Main Series10.5.1.1 N/O Elementary Boost Circuit10.5.1.2 N/O Two-Stage Boost Circuit10.5.1.3 N/O Three-Stage Boost Circuit10.5.1.4 N/O Higher-Stage Boost Circuit10.5.2 N/O Additional Series10.5.2.1 N/O Elementary Additional Boost Circuit10.5.2.2 N/O Two-Stage Additional Boost Circuit10.5.2.3 N/O Three-Stage Additional Boost Circuit10.5.2.4 N/O Higher-Stage Additional Boost Circuit10.5.3 Double Series10.5.3.1 N/O Elementary Double-Boost Circuit10.5.3.2 N/O Two-Stage Double-Boost Circuit10.5.3.3 N/O Three-Stage Double-Boost Circuit10.5.3.4 N/O Higher-Stage Double-Boost Circuit10.5.4 Triple Series10.5.4.1 N/O Elementary Triple-Boost Circuit10.5.4.2 N/O Two-Stage Triple-Boost Circuit10.5.4.3 N/O Three-Stage Triple-Boost Circuit10.5.4.4 N/O Higher-Stage Triple-Boost Circuit10.5.5 Multiple Series10.5.5.1 N/O Elementary Multiple-Boost Circuit10.5.5.2 N/O Two-Stage Multiple-Boost Circuit10.5.5.3 N/O Three-Stage Multiple-Boost Circuit10.5.5.4 N/O Higher-Stage Multiple-Boost Circuit10.5.6 Summary of N/O Cascaded Boost Converters10.6 Ultra-Lift Luo Converter10.6.1 Operation of Ultra-Lift Luo Converter10.6.1.1 Continuous Conduction Mode10.6.1.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode10.6.2 Instantaneous Values10.6.2.1 Continuous Conduction Mode10.6.2.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode10.6.3 Comparison of the Gains between Ultra-Lift Luo Converter and Other Converters10.6.4 Simulation Results10.6.5 Experimental Results10.6.6 SummaryReferences
Chapter 11 Split-Capacitor and Split-Inductor Techniques and Their Application in Positive-Output Super-Lift Luo Converters
11.1 Introduction11.2 Split Capacitors11.3 Split Inductors11.4 Split Capacitors and Split Inductors Applied in the Positive-Output Elementary Super-Lift Luo Converter11.4.1 Two-Split Capacitors (α = 2) Applied in the P/O Elementary SL Circuit11.4.2 Two Split Inductors (β = 2) Applied in the Elementary P/O SL Circuit11.4.3 α-Split Capacitors and β-Split Inductors Applied in the Elementary P/O SL Circuit11.5 Main Series11.6 MEC, Split Capacitors Used in Double/Enhanced Circuit11.7 Additional Series11.7.1 Elementary Additional Circuit11.7.2 Re-Lift Additional Circuit11.7.3 Triple-Lift Additional Circuit11.7.4 Higher-Order Lift Additional Circuits11.8 Higher-Order Series11.8.1 Enhanced Series11.8.2 Re-Enhanced Series11.8.3 Multiple (j)-Enhanced Series11.9 Summary of P/O Super-Lift Luo Converters Applying Split Capacitors and Split Inductors11.10 Simulation Results11.10.1 Simulation Results of a Re-Lift Circuit11.10.2 Simulation Results of a Re-Lift Additional Circuit11.11 Experimental Results11.11.1 Experimental Results of a Re-Lift Circuit11.11.2 Experimental Results of a Re-Lift Additional CircuitReferences
Chapter 12 Pulse-Width-Modulated DC/AC Inverters
12.1 Introduction12.2 Parameters Used in PWM Operation12.2.1 Modulation Ratios12.2.1.1 Linear Range (ma ≤ 1.0)12.2.1.2 Overmodulation (1.0 < ma ≤ 1.27)12.2.1.3 Square Wave (Sufficiently Large ma > 1.27)12.2.1.4 Small mf (mf ≤ 21)12.2.1.5 Large mf (mf > 21)12.2.2 Harmonic Parameters12.3 Typical PWM Inverters12.3.1 Voltage Source Inverter12.3.2 Current Source Inverter12.3.3 Impedance Source Inverter (z-Source Inverter)12.3.4 Circuits of DC/AC Inverters12.4 Single-Phase Voltage Source Inverter12.4.1 Single-Phase Half-Bridge VSI12.4.2 Single-Phase Full-Bridge VSI12.5 Three-Phase Full-Bridge Voltage Source Inverter12.6 Three-Phase Full-Bridge Current Source Inverter12.7 Multistage PWM Inverter12.7.1 Unipolar PWM VSI12.7.2 Multicell PWM VSI12.7.3 Multilevel PWM Inverter12.8 Impedance-Source Inverters12.8.1 Comparison with VSI and CSI12.8.2 Equivalent Circuit and Operation12.8.3 Circuit Analysis and Calculations12.9 Extended Boost z-Source Inverters12.9.1 Introduction to ZSI and Basic Topologies12.9.2 Extended Boost qZSI Topologies12.9.2.1 Diode-Assisted Extended Boost qZSI Topologies12.9.2.2 Capacitor-Assisted Extended Boost qZSI Topologies12.9.3 Simulation ResultsReferences
Chapter 13 Multilevel and Soft-Switching DC/AC Inverters
13.1 Introduction13.2 Diode-Clamped (Neutral-Point-Clamped) Multilevel Inverters13.3 Capacitor-Clamped (Flying Capacitor) Multilevel Inverters13.4 Multilevel Inverters Using H-Bridges Converters13.4.1 Cascaded Equalvoltage Multilevel Inverters13.4.2 Binary Hybrid Multilevel Inverter13.4.3 Quasi-Linear Multilevel Inverter13.4.4 Trinary Hybrid Multilevel Inverter13.5 Other Kinds of Multilevel Inverters13.5.1 Generalized Multilevel Inverters13.5.2 Mixed-Level Multilevel Inverter Topologies13.5.3 Multilevel Inverters by Connection of Three-Phase Two-Level Inverters13.6 Soft-Switching Multilevel Inverters13.6.1 Notched DC Link Inverters for Brushless DC Motor Drive13.6.1.1 Resonant Circuit13.6.1.2 Design Consideration13.6.1.3 Control Scheme13.6.1.4 Simulation and Experimental Results13.6.2 Resonant Pole Inverter13.6.2.1 Topology of the Resonant Pole Inverter13.6.2.2 Operation Principle13.6.2.3 Design Considerations13.6.2.4 Simulation and Experimental Results13.6.3 Transformer-Based Resonant DC Link Inverter13.6.3.1 Resonant Circuit13.6.3.2 Design Consideration13.6.3.3 Control Scheme13.6.3.4 Simulation and Experimental ResultsReferences
Chapter 14 Advanced Multilevel DC/AC Inverters Used in Solar Panel Energy Systems
14.1 Introduction14.2 Progressions (Series)14.2.1 Arithmetical Progressions14.2.1.1 Unit Progression14.2.1.2 Natural Number Progression14.2.1.3 Odd Number Progression14.2.2 Geometric Progressions14.2.2.1 Binary Progression14.2.2.2 Trinary Number Progression14.2.3 Special Progressions14.2.3.1 Luo-Progression14.2.3.2 Ye-Progression14.3 Laddered Multilevel DC/AC Inverters14.3.1 Special Switches14.3.1.1 Toggle Switch14.3.1.2 Changeover Switch14.3.1.3 Band Switch14.3.2 General Circuit of Laddered Inverters14.3.3 Linear Ladder Inverters14.3.4 Natural Number Ladder Inverters14.3.5 Odd Number Ladder Inverters14.3.6 Binary Ladder Inverters14.3.7 Modified Binary Ladder Inverters14.3.8 Luo-Progression Ladder Inverters14.3.9 Ye-Progression Ladder Inverters14.3.10 Trinary Ladder Inverters14.4 Comparison of All Laddered Inverters14.5 Solar Panel Energy Systems14.6 Simulation and Experimental Results14.7 Switched-Capacitor Multilevel DC/AC Inverters14.7.1 Switched Capacitor Used in Multilevel DC/AC Inverters14.7.1.1 Five-Level SC Inverter14.7.1.2 Nine-Level SC Inverter14.7.1.3 Fifteen-Level SC Inverter14.7.1.4 Higher-Level SC Inverter14.7.2 Simulation and Experimental Results14.8 Super-Lift Converter Multilevel DC/AC Inverters14.8.1 Some P/O Super-Lift Luo-Converters14.8.2 Super-Lift Converters Used in Multilevel DC/AC Inverters14.8.2.1 Seven-Level SL Inverter14.8.2.2 Fifteen-Level SL Inverter14.8.2.3 Twenty-One-Level SL Inverter14.8.2.4 Higher-Level SL Inverter14.8.3 Simulation and Experimental ResultsReferences
Chapter 15 Traditional AC/AC Converters
15.1 Introduction15.2 Single-Phase AC/AC Voltage-Regulation Converters15.2.1 Phase-Controlled Single-Phase AC/AC Voltage Controller15.2.1.1 Operation with R-Load15.2.1.2 Operation with RL Load15.2.1.3 Gating Signal Requirements15.2.1.4 Operation with α<ϕ15.2.1.5 Power Factor and Harmonics15.2.2 Single-Phase AC/AC Voltage Controller with On/Off Control15.2.2.1 Integral Cycle Control15.2.2.2 PWM AC Chopper15.3 Three-Phase AC/AC Voltage-Regulation Converters15.3.1 Phase-Controlled Three-Phase AC Voltage Controllers15.3.2 Fully Controlled Three-Phase Three-Wire AC Voltage Controller15.3.2.1 Star-Connected Load with Isolated Neutral15.3.2.2 RL Load15.3.2.3 Delta-Connected R-Load15.4 Cycloconverters15.4.1 Single-Phase Input/Single-Phase Output Cycloconverter15.4.1.1 Operation with R Load15.4.1.2 Operation with RL Load15.4.2 Three-Phase Cycloconverters15.4.2.1 Three-Phase Three-Pulse Cycloconverter15.4.2.2 Three-Phase Six-Pulse and Twelve-Pulse Cycloconverter15.4.3 Cycloconverter Control Scheme15.4.3.1 Control Circuit Block Diagram15.4.3.2 Improved Control Schemes15.4.4 Cycloconverter Harmonics and Input Current Waveform15.4.4.1 Circulating-Current-Free Operations15.4.4.2 Circulating-Current Operation15.4.4.3 Other Harmonics Distortion Terms15.4.4.4 Input Current Waveform15.4.5 Cycloconverter Input Displacement/Power Factor15.4.6 Effects of Source Impedance15.4.7 Simulation Analysis of Cycloconverter Performance15.4.8 Forced-Commutated Cycloconverter15.5 Matrix Converters15.5.1 Operation and Control Methods of the Matrix Converter15.5.1.1 Venturini Method15.5.1.2 SVM Method15.5.1.3 Control Implementation and Comparison of the Two Methods15.5.2 Commutation and Protection Issues in a Matrix ConverterReferences
Chapter 16 Improved AC/AC Converters
16.1 DC-Modulated Single-Stage AC/AC Converters16.1.1 Bidirectional Exclusive Switches SM–SS16.1.2 Mathematical Modeling for DC/DC Converters16.1.3 DC-Modulated Single-Stage Buck-Type AC/AC Converter16.1.3.1 Positive Input Voltage Half-Cycle16.1.3.2 Negative Input Voltage Half-Cycle16.1.3.3 Whole-Cycle Operation16.1.3.4 Simulation and Experimental Results16.1.4 DC-Modulated Single-Stage Boost-Type AC/AC Converter16.1.4.1 Positive Input Voltage Half-Cycle16.1.4.2 Negative Input Voltage Half-Cycle16.1.4.3 Whole-Cycle Operation16.1.4.4 Simulation and Experimental Results16.1.5 DC-Modulated Single-Stage Buck-Boost-Type AC/AC Converter16.1.5.1 Positive Input Voltage Half-Cycle16.1.5.2 Negative Input Voltage Half-Cycle16.1.5.3 Whole-Cycle Operation16.1.5.4 Simulation and Experimental Results16.2 Other Types of DC-Modulated AC/AC Converters16.2.1 DC-Modulated Positive Output Luo-Converter-Type AC/AC Converter16.2.2 DC-Modulated Two-Stage Boost-Type AC/AC Converter16.3 DC-Modulated Multiphase AC/AC Converters16.3.1 DC-Modulated Three-Phase Buck-Type AC/AC Converter16.3.2 DC-Modulated Three-Phase Boost-Type AC/AC Converter16.3.3 DC-Modulated Three-Phase Buck-Boost-Type AC/AC Converter16.4 Sub-Envelope Modulation Method to Reduce THD of AC/AC Matrix Converters16.4.1 Sub-Envelope Modulation Method16.4.1.1 Measure the Input Instantaneous Voltage16.4.1.2 Modulation Algorithm16.4.1.3 Improve Voltage Ratio16.4.2 Twenty-Four-Switches Matrix Converter16.4.3 Current Commutation16.4.3.1 Current Commutation between Two Input Phases16.4.3.2 Current-Commutation-Related Three Input Phases16.4.4 Simulation and Experimental Results16.4.4.1 Simulation Results16.4.4.2 Experimental ResultsReferences
Chapter 17 AC/DC/AC and DC/AC/DC Converters
17.1 Introduction17.2 AC/DC/AC Converters Used in Wind Turbine Systems17.2.1 Review of Traditional AC/AC Converters17.2.2 New AC/DC/AC Converters17.2.2.1 AC/DC/AC Boost-Type Converter17.2.2.2 Three-Level Diode-Clamped AC/DC/AC Converter17.2.3 Wind Turbine System Linking to Utility Network17.3 DC/AC/DC Converters17.3.1 Review of Traditional DC/DC Converters17.3.2 Chopper-Type DC/AC/DC Converters17.3.3 Switched-Capacitor DC/AC/DC Converters17.3.3.1 Single-Stage Switched-Capacitor DC/AC/DC Converter17.3.3.2 Three-Stage Switched-Capacitor DC/AC/DC Converter17.3.3.3 Four-Stage Switched-Capacitor DC/AC/DC ConverterReferences
Chapter 18 Designs of Solar Panel and Wind Turbine Energy Systems
18.1 Introduction18.2 Wind Turbine Energy Systems18.2.1 Technical Features18.2.2 Design Example18.2.3 Converters’Design18.2.4 Simulation Results18.3 Solar Panel Energy Systems18.3.1 Technical Features18.3.2 P/O Super-Lift Luo Converter18.3.3 Closed-Loop Control18.3.4 PWM Inverter18.3.5 System Design18.3.6 Simulation ResultsReferences
Index

Content preview from Renewable Energy Systems

Author

Dr. Fang Lin Luo is an associate professor at the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. He received his BSc, first class with honors (magna cum laude), in radio-electronic physics from Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, and his PhD in electrical engineering and computer science from Cambridge University, England, United Kingdom, in 1986.

After graduating from Sichuan University, Dr. Luo joined the Chinese Automation Research Institute of Metallurgy (CARIM), Beijing, China, as a senior engineer. He then joined Entreprises Saunier Duval, Paris, France, as a project engineer in ...

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Renewable Energy Systems

by Fang Lin Luo, Ye Hong

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