book

Telecommunication Networks

Name: Telecommunication Networks
Author: Eugenio Iannone
ISBN: 9781351833417

by Eugenio Iannone

December 2017

Intermediate to advanced

918 pages

33h 40m

English

CRC Press

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Cover Page
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Preface
Author
1 Introduction
1.1 Book Content and Organization1.2 Using This BookAcknowledgments
2 Drivers for Telecommunication Network Evolution
2.1 Market of Telecom Carriers2.1.1 Customer Base Impact on the Economics of Carriers2.1.2 Broadband Services2.1.3 Seamless Fixed and Mobile Service Convergence2.1.4 Prices Fall and Overall Market Scenario2.1.5 Telecommunication Market Value Chain2.2 Requirements for Next Generation Networks2.2.1 Network Operational Costs2.2.2 Requirements for Next Generation Equipment2.2.3 Requirements for Next generation Network Control Plane2.2.4 Summary of Requirements for Next Generation NetworksReferences
3 Networks Fundamentals and Present Architectures
3.1 Network Infrastructure Architecture3.1.1 Network Topology3.1.2 Access Network Architecture3.1.3 Metro Network and Core Network Architectures3.2 Network Functional Architecture3.2.1 Core Network Vertical Architecture3.2.1.1 Service Network3.2.1.2 Packet Network3.2.1.3 Transport Network3.2.1.4 Control Plane and Management Plane3.2.2 Network Layering3.2.3 Internet3.2.3.1 Transport Layer: Transmission Control Protocol3.2.3.2 Transport Layer: User Datagram Protocol3.2.3.3 Internet Layer: Internet Protocol3.2.4 Carrier Class Ethernet3.2.4.1 Protocols to Support Management Functionalities3.2.4.2 QoS and Resilience3.2.4.3 Scalability3.2.5 Multi-Protocol Label Switching3.2.6 Synchronous Optical Network (SDH/SONET)3.2.7 Optical Transport Network (OTN)3.2.7.1 Optical Channel Layer3.2.7.2 Optical Multiplex Section3.2.8 Telecommunication Management Network3.2.8.1 Embedded Software Layer3.2.8.2 Element Management Layer3.2.8.3 Network Management Layer3.2.8.4 Service Management Layer3.2.8.5 Business Management Layer3.2.9 Central Management in IP Networks3.3 Network Convergence over IP3.3.1 Packet over SDH/SONET Model3.3.2 IP over Next Generation SONET/SDH3.3.2.1 General Framing Procedure3.3.2.2 Virtual Concatenation3.3.2.3 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation3.3.3 IP over MPLS over OTN3.3.4 IP over Ethernet over OTN3.4 Comparison among Different Core Architectures3.4.1 Architectures Functional Comparison3.4.1.1 Framing Efficiency3.4.1.2 Network Scalability: Core Network3.4.1.3 Network Scalability: Metro Network3.4.1.4 Network Survivability3.4.2 Network Dimensioning and Cost Estimation3.4.3 Test Networks and Traffic Model3.4.4 Cost ComparisonReferences
4 Technology for Telecommunications: Optical Fibers, Amplifiers, and Passive Devices
4.1 Introduction4.2 Optical Fibers for Transmission4.2.1 Single-Mode Transmission Fibers4.2.2 Fiber Losses4.2.2.1 Coupling Losses4.2.2.2 Propagation Losses4.2.3 linear Propagation in an Optical Fiber4.2.4 Fiber Chromatic Dispersion4.2.5 Polarization Mode Dispersion4.2.6 Nonlinear Propagation in Optical Fibers4.2.7 Kerr Effect4.2.7.1 Kerr-Induced Self-Phase Modulation4.2.7.2 Kerr-Induced Cross-Phase Modulation4.2.7.3 Kerr-Induced Four-Wave Mixing4.2.8 Raman Scattering4.2.9 Brillouin Scattering4.2.10 ITU-T Fiber Standards4.2.11 Polarization Maintaining and Other Special Telecom Fibers4.2.12 Fiber Cables4.3 Optical Fiber Amplifiers4.3.1 Basic Theory of Optical Amplifiers4.3.1.1 Quantum Noise4.3.1.2 Stationary Behavior of a Two-Level Amplifier4.3.1.3 Dynamic Behavior of a Two-Level Amplifier4.3.1.4 Amplifiers Functional Classification and Multistage Amplifiers4.3.2 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers4.3.3 raman Fiber Amplifiers4.3.4 Hybrid Raman-EDFA Amplifiers4.4 Optical Filters4.4.1 Fixed Wavelength Optical Filters4.4.1.1 Grating Filters4.4.1.2 Fiber Bragg Gratings4.4.1.3 Thin-Film Interference Filters4.4.2 Tunable Optical Filters4.4.2.1 Etalon4.4.2.2 Mach Zehnder Interferometer4.4.2.3 Microrings Filters4.4.3 WDM Multiplexers and DemultiplexersReferences

5 Technology for Telecommunications: Integrated Optics and Microelectronics
5.1 Introduction5.2 Semiconductor Lasers5.2.1 Fixed-Wavelength Edge-Emitting Semiconductor Lasers5.2.1.1 Semiconductor Laser Principle5.2.1.2 Semiconductor Laser Modeling and Dynamic Behavior5.2.1.3 Quantum Well Lasers5.2.1.4 Source Fabry–Perot Lasers5.2.1.5 Source DFB Lasers5.2.2 High-Power Pump Lasers5.2.3 Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers5.2.4 Tunable Lasers5.2.4.1 Multisection Widely Tunable Lasers5.2.4.2 External Cavity Lasers5.2.4.3 Laser Arrays5.3 Semiconductor Amplifiers5.4 PIN and APD Photodiodes5.5 Optical Modulation Devices5.5.1 Mach–Zehnder Modulators5.5.2 electro-Absorption Modulators5.5.3 Integrated Optical Components5.5.3.1 Electrons and Photons in Planar Integrated Circuits5.5.3.2 Digital and Analog Planar Integrated Circuits5.5.3.3 Role of Packaging5.5.3.4 Integrated Optics Cost Scaling with Volumes5.5.3.5 Integrated Planar III–V Components5.6 Optical Switches5.6.1 Micromachining Electromechanical Switches (MEMS)5.6.2 Liquid Crystals Optical Switches5.6.3 Wavelength-Selective Switches5.7 Electronic Components5.7.1 Development of CMOS Silicon Technology5.7.1.1 CMOS Speed Evolution up and beyond the 32 nm Node5.7.1.2 CMOS Single-Switch Power Consumption5.7.1.3 CMOS Circuit Cost Trends5.7.2 Application-Specific Integrated Circuits5.7.3 Field Programmable Gate Array5.7.3.1 Programmable Connection Network5.7.3.2 Logic Block5.7.3.3 FPGA Performances5.7.4 Digital Signal Processor5.7.4.1 DSP Hardware Architecture5.7.4.2 DSP-Embedded Instruction Set5.7.4.3 DSP Performances5.8 Electronics for Transmission and Routing5.8.1 Low-Noise Receiver Front End5.8.2 Distortion Compensation Filters5.8.3 Electronic Dispersion Post-Compensation5.8.3.1 Feed-Forward/Decision Feedback Equalizer5.8.3.2 Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation Equalizers5.8.4 Pre-Equalization and Pre-Distortion Equalizers5.8.5 Forward Error Correction5.8.5.1 FEC Definition and Functionalities5.8.5.2 BCH and the Reed–Solomon Codes5.8.5.3 Turbo Codes5.8.5.4 ITU-T OTN Standard and Advanced FEC5.8.5.5 FEC Performances5.8.6 Content Addressable Memories5.9 Interface Modules and Transceivers5.9.1 MSA Transmitting–Receiving Modules5.9.2 Transceivers for Carrier-Class Transmission5.9.2.1 SFP Transceivers for Telecommunications5.9.2.2 XFP Transceivers for TelecommunicationsReference
6 Transmission Systems Architectures and Performances
6.1 Introduction6.2 Intensity Modulation and Direct Detection Transmission6.2.1 Fiber-Optic Transmission Systems6.2.1.1 Wavelength Division Multiplexing6.2.1.2 Transmission System Performance Indicators6.2.2 Ideal IM–DD Transmission6.2.3 Analysis of a Realistic Single-Channel IM–DD System6.2.3.1 Evaluation of the BER in the Presence of Channel Memory6.2.3.2 NRZ Signal after Propagation6.2.3.3 RZ Signal after Propagation6.2.3.4 Realistic Receiver Noise Model6.2.3.5 Performance Evaluation of an Unrepeated IM-DD System6.2.4 Performance of Non-Regenerated NRZ Systems6.2.4.1 Dispersion-Compensated NRZ IM-DD Systems6.2.5 Performance of Non-Regenerated Return to Zero Systems6.2.6 Unrepeated Wavelength Division Multiplexing Systems6.2.6.1 Linear Interference in Wavelength Division Multiplexing Systems6.2.6.2 Nonlinear Interference in Wavelength Division Multiplexing Systems6.2.6.3 Jitter, Unperfected Modulation, Laser Linewidth, and Other Impairments6.3 Intensity Modulation and Direct Detection Systems Using Optical Amplifiers6.3.1 Long-Haul and Ultra-Long-Haul Transmission: Performance Evaluation6.3.2 Design of Long-Haul Transmission Systems6.3.2.1 Erbium-Doped Optical Fiber Amplifier Amplified Systems Design6.3.2.2 Long-Haul Transmission at 40 Gbit/s6.3.2.3 Long-Haul Transmission: Realistic Systems Characteristics6.3.3 Design of Ultra-Long-Haul Transmission Systems6.3.3.1 Ultra-Long-Haul Transmission at 10 Gbit/s: Draft Design6.3.3.2 Ultra-Long-Haul Transmission Systems: Penalties, Evaluation, and Simulation Results6.3.3.3 Ultra-Long-Haul Transmission at 40 Gbit/s6.3.3.4 Ultra-Long-Haul Systems with Electronic Pre-Compensation6.3.4 Single-Span Systems6.3.4.1 Single-Span Systems with Intensity Modulation and All Raman Amplification6.3.4.2 Single-Span Systems with Differential Phase Shift Keying Transmission and Raman Amplification6.3.4.3 Single-Span Systems with Electronic Pre-Distortion at 10 Gbit/s6.3.5 Metropolitan Optical Rings6.3.5.1 Transmission in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Metropolitan Ring6.3.5.2 Transmission in Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing Metropolitan Ring6.4 Alternative Modulation Formats6.4.1 Single Side Band Modulation6.4.2 Duobinary Modulation6.5 Hardware Architecture of Optical Transmission Systems6.5.1 Mechanical Structure of a Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing System6.5.1.1 Signal Cards6.5.1.2 Support Cards6.5.1.3 Control Cards6.5.1.4 Redundancies6.5.2 Backplane Architecture6.5.3 Backplane Bus Protocols6.5.4 System Thermal DesignReferences
7 Switching Systems: Architecture and Performances
7.1 Introduction7.2 Space Division Switch Fabrics7.2.1 Crossbar Switch Fabrics7.2.2 Clos Switch Fabric7.2.2.1 Strictly Nonblocking Clos Networks7.2.2.2 Rearrangeable Nonblocking Clos Networks7.2.2.3 Blocking Clos Networks7.2.2.4 Control of a Clos Switch7.2.2.5 Dimensions and Power Consumption7.2.2.6 Clos Switch Fabric Modularity7.2.3 Banyan Switch Fabric7.2.3.1 Routing through a Banyan Network7.2.3.2 Modularity of a Banyan Network7.2.3.3 Real Estate and Power Consumption of a Banyan Network7.2.3.4 Variation on Basic Banyan Networks7.3 Time Division Switch Fabrics7.3.1 Time Slot Interchange–Based Switch Fabrics7.3.2 Bus-Based Switch Fabrics7.3.2.1 Switch Fabric Based on a Slotted Random Access Bus7.3.2.2 Switch Fabric Based on an Unslotted Random Access Bus7.3.2.3 Switch Fabric Based on a Carrier Sense Multiple Access Bus7.3.2.4 Switch Fabric Based on Variations of the Carrier Sense Multiple Access Bus7.3.3 Delay in Bus-Based Switch Fabrics7.4 Wavelength Division Switch Fabrics7.5 Hardware Platforms for Switching Network Elements7.5.1 Fast Backplanes for Switching Equipment7.5.1.1 High-Speed Electrical Backplanes7.5.1.2 Optical Backplane7.5.1.3 Optical Backplanes Based on Monolithic Optical Integration7.5.1.4 Protocols for Very High-Speed Backplanes7.5.2 Platform Volume Value7.6 On the Performances of Core Switching Machines7.6.1 Capacity, Throughput, and Channel Utilization7.6.2 Scalability7.6.3 Interface Cards Density7.6.4 Power Consumption7.6.5 Availability7.7 Circuit Switching in the Transport Layer7.7.1 Connection Switching7.7.2 Connection Management7.7.3 Connection Survivability7.7.4 Optical Cross Connect7.7.4.1 OXCs with WDM or Gray Interfaces7.7.4.2 OXC with an Electronic Switch Fabric7.7.4.3 OXC with an Optical Switch Fabric7.7.5 Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer7.7.6 Add-Drop Multiplexer7.8 Packet Switching at MPLS and IP Layers: Routers7.8.1 Generalities on IP/MPLS Routers and Routers Classification7.8.2 IP Routers Architecture7.8.3 Routing Tables Lookup7.8.3.1 Binary Trie–Based Algorithms7.8.3.2 Hardware-Based Algorithms7.8.3.3 Comparison between Forwarding Table Lookup Algorithms7.8.4 Broadband Remote Access Servers and Edge Routers7.8.5 Practical Routers Implementations7.9 Packet Switching at Ethernet Layer: Carrier Class Ethernet Switches7.9.1 Generalities on Carrier Class Ethernet Switches7.9.2 Architecture of a Carrier Class Ethernet SwitchReferences
8 Convergent Network Management and Control Plane
8.1 Introduction8.2 ASON Architecture8.2.1 ASON Network Model8.2.2 ASON Standard Interfaces8.2.3 ASON Control Plane Functionalities8.2.3.1 Discovery8.2.3.2 Routing8.2.3.3 Signaling8.2.3.4 Call and Connection Control8.2.3.5 Survivability8.3 GMPLS Architecture8.3.1 GMPLS Data Paths and Generalized Labels Hierarchy8.3.2 GMPLS Protocol Suite8.3.2.1 Open Shortest Path First with Traffic Engineering8.3.2.2 IS–IS Routing Protocol8.3.2.3 Brief Comparison between OSPF-TE and IS–IS8.3.2.4 Resource Reservation Protocol with Traffic Engineering Extensions8.3.2.5 Constrained Routing Label Distribution Protocol8.3.2.6 Comparison between RSVP-TE and CR-LDP8.3.2.7 Line Management Protocol8.4 Design and Optimization of ASON/GMPLS Networks8.4.1 Detailed Example: Design Target and Issues8.4.1.1 Basic Examples of Network Design8.4.1.2 Design for Survivability8.4.2 Design Based on Optimization Algorithms8.4.2.1 Optimized Design Hypotheses8.4.2.2 Network Model for ILP8.4.2.3 ILP Design Complexity8.4.2.4 Design in Unknown Traffic Conditions8.4.3 Routing Policies–Based Design8.4.3.1 OSPF Protocol8.4.3.3 Comparison among the Considered Algorithms8.5 GMPLS Network Design for Survivability8.5.1 Survivability Techniques Performance Evaluation8.5.2 Protection versus Restoration8.5.2.1 Bandwidth Usage8.5.2.2 Recovery Time8.5.2.3 Specific Protocols8.5.2.4 QoS Issues8.5.2.5 Quantitative Comparison8.5.3 Multilayer Survivability Strategies8.5.3.1 Multilayer Survivability8.5.3.2 QoS-Driven Multilayer Survivability8.6 Impact of ASON/GMPLS on Carriers OPEXReferences
9 Next Generation Transmission Systems Enabling Technologies, Architectures, and Performances
9.1 Introduction9.2 100 Gbit/s Transmission Issues9.2.1 Optical Signal to Noise Ratio Reduction9.2.2 Fiber Chromatic Dispersion9.2.2.1 Impact of Chromatic Dispersion on 100 Gbit/s Transmission9.2.2.2 Tunable Optical Dispersion Compensator9.2.3 Fiber Polarization Mode Dispersion9.2.3.1 Impact of Polarization Mode Dispersion on 100 Gbit/s Transmission9.2.3.2 Polarization Mode Dispersion Compensation9.2.4 Other Limiting Factors9.2.4.1 Fiber Nonlinear Propagation9.2.4.2 Timing Jitter9.2.4.3 Electrical Front End Adaptation9.3 Multilevel Optical Transmission9.3.1 Optical Instantaneous Multilevel Modulation9.3.2 Practical Multilevel Transmitters9.3.2.1 Multilevel Differential Phase Modulation (M-DPSK)9.3.2.2 Multilevel Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM)9.3.2.3 Multilevel Polarization Modulation (M-PolSK)9.3.2.4 Multilevel Four Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-4QAM)9.3.3 Multilevel Modulation Receivers9.3.3.1 Four Quadrature Receiver9.3.3.2 M-DPSK Optimum Receiver9.3.3.3 M-PolSK Receivers9.3.4 Ideal Performances of Multilevel Systems9.3.4.1 M-QAM and M-4QAM with Quadrature Receiver9.3.4.2 M-PolSK with Stokes Parameters Receiver9.3.4.3 M-DPSK with Direct Detection Receiver9.3.4.4 Comparison among Different Modulation Formats9.3.5 Coherent Receivers Sensitivity to Phase and Polarization Fluctuations9.3.5.1 Phase Noise Penalty for Coherent Quadrature Receiver9.3.5.2 Depolarization Penalty for Coherent Quadrature Receiver9.4 Alternative and Complementary Transmission Techniques9.4.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing9.4.2 Polarization Division Multiplexing9.4.3 Channel and Pulse Polarization Diversity9.5 Design Rules for 100 Gbit/s Long Haul Transmission Systems9.5.1 Practical Multilevel Systems: Transmitting 100 Gbit/s on a 40 Gbit/s Line9.5.1.1 Power Budget9.5.1.2 Penalty Analysis9.5.2 Practical Multilevel Systems: Transmitting 100 Gbit/s on a 10 Gbit/s Line by 4QAM9.5.2.1 Ideal Signal to Noise Ratio Requirements9.5.2.2 Penalties Analysis9.5.3 Practical Multilevel Systems: Transmitting 100 Gbit/s on a 10 Gbit/s Line by PolSK9.5.3.1 Draft Design and Power Budget9.5.3.2 Penalties Analysis9.5.4 Practical Multilevel Systems: Native 100 Gbit/s Ultra-Long Haul Systems9.5.4.1 Draft Design9.5.4.2 Penalties Analysis9.6 Summary of Experimental 100 Gbit/s Systems CharacteristicsReferences
10 Next Generation Networking: Enabling Technologies, Architectures, and Performances
10.1 Introduction10.1.1 Digital Optical Network10.1.2 Optical Transparent Network10.1.3 Optical Packet Network10.2 Optical Digital Network10.2.1 Optoelectronic Integration: ODN Enabling Technology10.2.2 Optical Digital Network Architecture and Design10.2.2.1 ODN Control and Management Plane10.2.2.2 ODN Physical Layer Sub-Layering10.2.2.3 ODN Network Elements and Data Plane10.3 Transparent Optical Transport Network10.3.1 Enabling Technologies for the Transparent Optical Transport Network10.3.1.1 Nonlinear Behavior of Semiconductor Ampliﬁers10.3.1.2 Wavelength Converters and Regenerators Based on Cross-Gain Modulation10.3.1.3 Wavelength Converters and Regenerators Based on Cross-Phase Modulation10.3.1.4 Wavelength Converters Based on Four-Wave Mixing10.3.2 Transparent Optical Network Elements10.3.2.1 PWP Transparent OXC: Example of Performances10.3.2.2 PWC Transparent OXC: Example of Performances10.3.2.3 LWC Transparent OXC: Example of Performances10.3.2.4 Final Comparison10.3.3 Transport of Control Plane and Management Plane Messages10.3.3.1 Pilot Tones10.3.3.2 Low Frequency Subcarrier Modulated Data Channel10.3.3.3 Optical Code Division Multiplexing10.3.4 Design of a Transparent Optical Network: ILP Optimization10.3.4.1 Integer Linear Programming to Dimension Transparent Optical Transport Networks10.3.4.2 Problem of Wavelength Routing and the Use of Wavelength Converters10.3.4.3 Problem of Transmission Impairments and the Use of Regenerators10.3.5 Cyclic-Based Design Algorithms and Wavelength Converters Placement10.3.5.1 Full Wavelength Conversion Cyclic Algorithm10.3.5.2 No Wavelength Conversion Cyclic Algorithm10.3.5.3 Partial Wavelength Conversion Cyclic Algorithm10.3.5.4 Cost Model and Transmission Feasibility in Cyclic Algorithms10.3.5.5 Example of Network Design and Role of Wavelength Converters10.3.6 Translucent Optical Network: Design Methods and Regenerators Placing Problem10.3.7 Summary: The Transparent Optical Network Status10.4 Transparent Optical Packet Network (T-OPN)10.4.1 Transparent Optical Packet Network Enabling Technologies10.4.1.1 Optical Memories10.4.1.2 Switches: Two Examples of All-Optical Switch Fabric10.4.1.3 Digital Optical Processing10.4.2 Final Comment on the All-Optical Packet NetworkReferences
11 The New Access Network Systems and Enabling Technologies
11.1 Introduction11.2 TDMA and TDM Overlay Passive Optical Network11.2.1 TDM PON Classification11.2.2 GPON architecture and Performances11.2.2.1 GPON Transmission Performances11.2.2.2 GPON Frame and Adaptation Protocol11.2.2.3 GPON Capacity per User11.2.2.4 Functional Structure of a GPON OLT and ONU11.2.3 NG-PON Project and the GPON WDM Overlay11.2.4 XG-PON11.3 WDM Passive Optical Network11.4 WDM-PON versus GPON and XG-PON Performance Comparison11.5 Enabling Technologies for Gbit/s Capacity Access11.5.1 GPON Optical interfaces11.5.1.1 GPON Interfaces Technology11.5.1.2 GPON Interfaces Draft Cost Model11.5.2 WDM-PON and XWDM-PON interface TechnologyReferences
Appendix A: SDH/SONET Signaling
Appendix B: Spanning Tree Protocol
Appendix C: Inter-Symbol Interference Indexes Summation Rule
Appendix D: Fiber Optical Amplifiers: Analytical Modeling
Appendix E: Space Division Switch Fabric Performance Evaluation
Appendix F: Acronyms
Index

Content preview from Telecommunication Networks

11 The New Access Network Systems and Enabling Technologies

11.1 Introduction

Different factors have pushed the evolution of the access network from its copper-based architecture to a fiber-based one.

Besides bandwidth increase impelled by the introduction of new services (see Chapter 2, the penetration of ultra-broadband connections stresses the capacity of existing copper cables tosupport a high number of very fast xDSLs. In many cases, copper cables deployed before the diffusion of broadband access presents a non-negligible pair-to-pair interference when xDSL is used. Often, this phenomenon sets a limit to the number of connections possible in a given area, depending on the quality and length of the cables [1].

Moreover, the need of the ...

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Telecommunication Networks

by Eugenio Iannone

11 The New Access Network Systems and Enabling Technologies

11.1 Introduction

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