Virtual Mobile Networks in Clouds 175
evolved packet core (EPC) network are virtualized using NFV frame-
work as VNFs such as vMME, vPGW, and vHSS–virtualized network
functions for mobility management entity (MME), packet data net-
work gateway (PGW), and home subscriber server (HSS). The layer 2
functionalities such as packet data convergence protocol, radio link
control, and MAC can be realized as VNFs that can be centrally con-
trolled by the SDN control unit.
4.2.4 Operation and Performance of C-RAN
In order to study the performance of C-RAN, the achievable data
throughput in the proposed architecture for femtocells is pre-
sented [14]. The femtocells use CR technology for sensing the avail-
ability of the radio spectrum. The AU of the femtocell