Chapter 6 is the first chapter in the programming layer. In Chapters 2 and 3, we covered the basic information necessary for understanding a computing system, including number systems and ways to represent different types of information in a computer. In Chapters 4 and 5, we covered the hardware components of a computer. Now the emphasis changes from what a computer system is to how it helps us solve problems.
We begin this chapter by looking at machine code, the lowest-level programming language of all—the language that actually runs on the computer’s central processing unit (CPU). We then ...
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