1 INTRODUCTION How has Marketing Changed?

DOI: 10.4324/9781003201151-1

It has been six years since the second edition of this book was published. Much has changed in this time. Climate change has increased the frequency of natural disasters. Environmental instability intersects with war and conflict to magnify the effects of poverty, deepen humanitarian risks and result in displaced populations. The resource-rich regions of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) have been particularly hard hit, where environmental degradation and internal conflict continue to erode health, education and other critical systems. In tandem with these events, the outbreak of the Coronavirus disease in December 2019 (Covid-19) resulted in a global pandemic whose ...

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