Global Information Warfare, 2nd Edition

304 ◾ Global Information Warfare: The New Digital Battleeld

any one point in time. Another problem that aects jurisdiction is that of mobile

devices, where a process or a query may be initiated in one location.

e view on this from the European Court of Justice is that there are two

views on jurisdiction—subjective and objective. e subjective view is that the state

has jurisdiction on actions that were initiated in their jurisdiction but which were

completed elsewhere, even if the actions had no eect on the state concerned. e

objective view is that the state has jurisdiction on actions that were initiated else-

where but were completed within its jurisdiction. An example of this is the events

in Estonia in 2007, when the attacks were in ...