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精通特征工程
book

精通特征工程

by Alice Zheng, Amanda Casari
April 2019
Intermediate to advanced
172 pages
4h 39m
Chinese
Posts & Telecom Press
Content preview from 精通特征工程
90
6
公式
6-11
 
PCA+
白化
W
white
=
V
k
Σ
k
-
1
Z
white
=
XV
k
Σ
k
-
1
=
U
Σ
V
T
V
k
Σ
k
-
1
=
U
k
白化与数据降维是彼此独立的,可以分别进行。例如,
零相位成分分析
zero-phase
component analysi
ZCA
)(
Bell and Sejnowski, 1996
)是一种与
PCA
联系非常紧密的白化
转换,但它不会减少特征的数量。
ZCA
白化使用未削减的整个主成分集合,还要再乘上一
V
T
(见公式
6-12
)。
公式
6-12
 
ZCA
白化
W
ZCA
=
V
Σ
-
1
V
T
Z
ZCA
=
XV
Σ
-
1
V
T
=
U
Σ
V
T
V
Σ
-
1
=
U
简单的
PCA
投影(见公式
6-10
)可以在新特征空间中以主成分为基生成坐标。这些坐标
只表示投影向量的长度,不表示方向。乘以主成分之后,才能得到长度和方向。另一个合
理解释是,这次相乘可以将坐标旋转回初始特征空间。(
V
是一个正交矩阵,正交矩阵可
以对输入进行没有拉伸和压缩的旋转。)所以,
ZCA
生成的白化数据与初始数据是最接近
的(用欧氏距离衡量)。
6.5
 
PCA
的局限性与注意事项
在使用
PCA
进行数据降维时,必须确定要使用的主成分的数目(
k
)。和所有超参数一样,这
个数目可以根据最终模型的质量来进行优化,但也有一些不需要昂贵计算成本的启发式方法。
选择
k
的一种可行方法是要求主成分能解释一定比例的总方差。(
scikit-learn
PCA
包中有
这个选项。)在
k
个主成分上的投影的方差为:
22
2
kk
kk
Xv u
σσ
==
这个方差就是
X
k
大奇异值的平方 ...
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Publisher Resources

ISBN: 9787115509680