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精通特征工程
book

精通特征工程

by Alice Zheng, Amanda Casari
April 2019
Intermediate to advanced
172 pages
4h 39m
Chinese
Posts & Telecom Press
Content preview from 精通特征工程
94
7
非线性特征化与
k
-
均值模型堆叠
当数据位于一个薄饼状的线性子空间时,
PCA
是非常有用的。但如果数据形成了一个更加
复杂的形状,情况又将如何呢?
1
平面(线性子空间)可以推广为
流形
(非线性子空间),
可以把流形看作一个可以以多种方式伸展和卷动的曲面。
2
如果线性子空间是一张平展的纸,那么非线性流形的一个简单例子就是卷起来的纸,它有
个非正式的名称,叫作
瑞士卷
(见图
7-1
)。一旦卷了起来,二维平面就占据了三维空间,
尽管它本质上还是个二维对象。换句话说,它具有低本征维数,这个概念我们在
6.1
节中
已经接触过了。如果能够以某种方式展开瑞士卷,就可以恢复二维平面。这就是
非线性数
据降维
的目标,它假定流形要比它所在的全维度空间简单,然后试图将其展开。
流形能够展开的关键在于,即使一个大的流形看上去非常复杂,但它的每个数据点的邻近
区域通常可以非常好地近似为一块平面。换句话说,可以通过多个小平面使用局部结构组
成全局结构。
3
非线性数据降维也称为
非线性嵌入
流形学习
。非线性嵌入可以非常有效地
1
本章的写作灵感来自于和
Ted Dunning
的一段对话,他是一位活跃的
Apache
贡献者和知名作家。本
章中的堆叠示例就是
Ted
提供的,他还对本章的写作方法提供了很多有益的建议。如果有人想找个合
著者写作一些单独的章节,那么
Ted
就是你应该找的人。
2
在本章中,我们将交替使用“曲面”和“流形”这两个词。我们可以很好地类推到嵌入在三维空间中
的二维流形,但超过三维之后就不可行了。高维流形不符合我们对“曲面”的通常理解。有些非常奇 ...
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Publisher Resources

ISBN: 9787115509680