Mastering Machine Learning with R - Second Edition

Univariate linear regression

We begin by looking at a simple way to predict a quantitative response, Y, with one predictor variable, x, assuming that Y has a linear relationship with x. The model for this can be written as, Y = B0 + B1x + e. We can state it as the expected value of Y being a function of the parameters B0 (the intercept) plus B1 (the slope) times x, plus an error term e. The least squares approach chooses the model parameters that minimize the Residual Sum of Squares (RSS) of the predicted y values versus the actual Y values. For a simple example, let's say we have the actual values of Y1 and Y2 equal to 10 and 20 respectively, along with the predictions of y1 and y2 as 12 and 18. To calculate RSS, we add the squared differences ...