June 2015
Beginner
584 pages
14h 42m
English
Content preview from Mathematics for Physicists
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4 Integral calculus
We now turn from differentiation to the other crucial ingredient of the infinitesimal calculus, namely integration. This may be approached in two ways: either as the inverse process of differentiation; or as the means of calculating the area under a given curve, using an argument that serves as a template for many other important applications. However, before discussing these, we must develop the above two approaches, and the relations between them.
4.1 Indefinite integrals
Given a function f(x), the indefinite integral F(x) is defined as the most general solution of the equation
It is not unique. Suppose we have a particular solution F0(x), with
Then the most general solution can be written
where G(x) is any function such that (4.1) is satisfied. On substituting (4.3) into (4.1) and using (4.2), one obtains 
, and so G(x) = c, where c is a constant. Hence the indefinite integral is given by
where F0(x) is any particular solution ...
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