book

OpenGL® Shading Language, Second Edition

Name: OpenGL® Shading Language, Second Edition
Author: Randi J. Rost
ISBN: 0321334892

by Randi J. Rost

January 2006

Intermediate to advanced

800 pages

17h 58m

English

Addison-Wesley Professional

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Copyright
Dedication
Praise for OpenGL® Shading Language, Second Edition
Praise for the First Edition of OpenGL® Shading Language
Foreword
Foreword to the First Edition
Preface
Intended AudienceAbout This BookAbout the Shader ExamplesErrataTypographical Conventions
About the Author
About the Contributors
Acknowledgments
1. Review of OpenGL Basics
1.1. OpenGL History1.2. OpenGL Evolution1.3. Execution Model1.4. The Frame Buffer1.5. State1.6. Processing Pipeline1.7. Drawing Geometry1.7.1. Geometry Specification1.7.2. Per-Vertex Operations1.7.3. Primitive Assembly1.7.4. Primitive Processing1.7.5. Rasterization1.7.6. Fragment Processing1.7.7. Per-Fragment Operations1.7.8. Frame Buffer Operations1.8. Drawing Images1.8.1. Pixel Unpacking1.8.2. Pixel Transfer1.8.3. Rasterization and Back-End Processing1.8.4. Read Control1.9. Coordinate Transforms1.10. Texturing1.11. Summary1.12. Further Information

2. Basics
2.1. Introduction to the OpenGL Shading Language2.2. Why Write Shaders?2.3. OpenGL Programmable Processors2.3.1. Vertex Processor2.3.2. Fragment Processor2.4. Language Overview2.4.1. Language Design Considerations2.4.2. C Basis2.4.3. Additions to C2.4.4. Additions from C++2.4.5. C Features Not Supported2.4.6. Other Differences2.5. System Overview2.5.1. Driver Model2.5.2. OpenGL Shading Language Compiler/Linker2.5.3. OpenGL Shading Language API2.6. Key Benefits2.7. Summary2.8. Further Information
3. Language Definition
3.1. Example Shader Pair3.2. Data Types3.2.1. Scalars3.2.2. Vectors3.2.3. Matrices3.2.4. Samplers3.2.5. Structures3.2.6. Arrays3.2.7. Void3.2.8. Declarations and Scope3.2.9. Type Matching and Promotion3.3. Initializers and Constructors3.4. Type Conversions3.5. Qualifiers and Interface to a Shader3.5.1. Attribute Qualifiers3.5.2. Uniform Qualifiers3.5.3. Varying Qualifiers3.5.4. Constant Qualifiers3.5.5. Absent Qualifier3.6. Flow Control3.6.1. Functions3.6.2. Calling Conventions3.6.3. Built-in Functions3.7. Operations3.7.1. Indexing3.7.2. Swizzling3.7.3. Component-wise Operation3.8. Preprocessor3.9. Preprocessor Expressions3.10. Error Handling3.11. Summary3.12. Further Information
4. The OpenGL Programmable Pipeline
4.1. The Vertex Processor4.1.1. Vertex Attributes4.1.2. Uniform Variables4.1.3. Special Output Variables4.1.4. Built-in Varying Variables4.1.5. User-Defined Varying Variables4.2. The Fragment Processor4.2.1. Varying Variables4.2.2. Uniform Variables4.2.3. Special Input Variables4.2.4. Special Output Variables4.3. Built-in Uniform Variables4.4. Built-in Constants4.5. Interaction with OpenGL Fixed Functionality4.5.1. Two-Sided Color Mode4.5.2. Point Size Mode4.5.3. Clipping4.5.4. Raster Position4.5.5. Position Invariance4.5.6. Texturing4.6. Summary4.7. Further Information
5. Built-in Functions
5.1. Angle and Trigonometry Functions5.2. Exponential Functions5.3. Common Functions5.4. Geometric Functions5.5. Matrix Functions5.6. Vector Relational Functions5.7. Texture Access Functions5.8. Fragment Processing Functions5.9. Noise Functions5.10. Summary5.11. Further Information
6. Simple Shading Example
6.1. Brick Shader Overview6.2. Vertex Shader6.3. Fragment Shader6.4. Observations6.5. Summary6.6. Further Information
7. OpenGL Shading Language API
7.1. Obtaining Version Information7.2. Creating Shader Objects7.3. Compiling Shader Objects7.4. Linking and Using Shaders7.5. Cleaning Up7.6. Query Functions7.7. Specifying Vertex Attributes7.8. Specifying Uniform Variables7.9. Samplers7.10. Multiple Render Targets7.11. Development Aids7.12. Implementation-Dependent API Values7.13. Application Code for Brick Shaders7.14. Summary7.15. Further Information
8. Shader Development
8.1. General Principles8.1.1. Understand the Problem8.1.2. Add Complexity Progressively8.1.3. Test and Iterate8.1.4. Strive for Simplicity8.1.5. Exploit Modularity8.2. Performance Considerations8.2.1. Consider Computational Frequency8.2.2. Analyze Your Algorithm8.2.3. Use the Built-in Functions8.2.4. Use Vectors8.2.5. Use Textures to Encode Complex Functions8.2.6. Review the Information Logs8.3. Shader Debugging8.3.1. Use the Vertex Shader Output8.3.2. Use the Fragment Shader Output8.3.3. Use Simple Geometry8.4. Shader Development Tools8.4.1. RenderMonkey8.4.2. OpenGL Shading Language Compiler Front End8.5. Scene Graphs8.6. Summary8.7. Further Information
9. Emulating OpenGL Fixed Functionality
9.1. Transformation9.2. Light Sources9.2.1. Directional Lights9.2.2. Point Lights9.2.3. Spotlights9.3. Material Properties and Lighting9.4. Two-Sided Lighting9.5. No Lighting9.6. Fog9.7. Texture Coordinate Generation9.8. User Clipping9.9. Texture Application9.10. Summary9.11. Further Information
10. Stored Texture Shaders
10.1. Access to Texture Maps from a Shader10.2. Simple Texturing Example10.2.1. Application Setup10.2.2. Vertex Shader10.2.3. Fragment Shader10.3. Multitexturing Example10.3.1. Application Setup10.3.2. Vertex Shader10.3.3. Fragment Shader10.4. Cube Mapping Example10.4.1. Application Setup10.4.2. Vertex Shader10.4.3. Fragment Shader10.5. Another Environment Mapping Example10.5.1. Vertex Shader10.5.2. Fragment Shader10.6. Glyph Bombing10.6.1. Application Setup10.6.2. Vertex Shader10.6.3. Fragment Shader10.7. Summary10.8. Further Information
11. Procedural Texture Shaders
11.1. Regular Patterns11.1.1. Stripes Vertex Shader11.1.2. Stripes Fragment Shader11.2. Toy Ball11.2.1. Application Setup11.2.2. Vertex Shader11.2.3. Fragment Shader11.3. Lattice11.4. Bump Mapping11.4.1. Application Setup11.4.2. Vertex Shader11.4.3. Fragment Shader11.4.4. Normal Maps11.5. Summary11.6. Further Information
12. Lighting
12.1. Hemisphere Lighting12.2. Image-Based Lighting12.3. Lighting with Spherical Harmonics12.4. The ÜberLight Shader12.4.1. ÜberLight Controls12.4.2. Vertex Shader12.4.3. Fragment Shader12.5. Summary12.6. Further Information
13. Shadows
13.1. Ambient Occlusion13.2. Shadow Maps13.2.1. Application Setup13.2.2. Vertex Shader13.2.3. Fragment Shader13.3. Deferred Shading for Volume Shadows13.3.1. Shaders for First Pass13.3.2. Shaders for Second Pass13.4. Summary13.5. Further Information
14. Surface Characteristics
14.1. Refraction14.2. Diffraction14.3. BRDF Models14.4. Polynomial Texture Mapping with BRDF Data14.4.1. Application Setup14.4.2. Vertex Shader14.4.3. Fragment Shader14.5. Summary14.6. Further Information
15. Noise
15.1. Noise Defined15.1.1. 2D Noise15.1.2. Higher Dimensions of Noise15.1.3. Using Noise in OpenGL Shaders15.2. Noise Textures15.3. Trade-offs15.4. A Simple Noise Shader15.4.1. Application Setup15.4.2. Vertex Shader15.4.3. Fragment Shader15.5. Turbulence15.5.1. Sun Surface Shader15.5.2. Marble15.6. Granite15.7. Wood15.7.1. Application Setup15.7.2. Fragment Shader15.8. Summary15.9. Further Information
16. Animation
16.1. On/Off16.2. Threshold16.3. Translation16.4. Morphing16.4.1. Sphere Morph Vertex Shader16.5. Other Blending Effects16.6. Vertex Noise16.7. Particle Systems16.7.1. Application Setup16.7.2. Confetti Cannon Vertex Shader16.7.3. Further Enhancements16.8. Wobble16.9. Summary16.10. Further Information
17. Antialiasing Procedural Textures
17.1. Sources of Aliasing17.2. Avoiding Aliasing17.3. Increasing Resolution17.4. Antialiased Stripe Example17.4.1. Generating Stripes17.4.2. Analytic Prefiltering17.4.3. Adaptive Analytic Prefiltering17.4.4. Analytic Integration17.4.5. Antialiased Brick Fragment Shader17.5. Frequency Clamping17.5.1. Antialiased Checkerboard Fragment Shader17.6. Summary17.7. Further Information
18. Non-Photorealistic Shaders
18.1. Hatching Example18.1.1. Application Setup18.1.2. Vertex Shader18.1.3. Generating Hatching Strokes18.1.4. Obtaining Uniform Line Density18.1.5. Simulating Lighting18.1.6. Adding Character18.1.7. Hatching Fragment Shader18.2. Technical Illustration Example18.2.1. Application Setup18.2.2. Vertex Shader18.2.3. Fragment Shader18.3. Mandelbrot Example18.3.1. About the Mandelbrot Set18.3.2. Vertex Shader18.3.3. Fragment Shader18.3.4. Julia Sets18.4. Summary18.5. Further Information
19. Shaders for Imaging
19.1. Geometric Image Transforms19.2. Mathematical Mappings19.3. Lookup Table Operations19.4. Color Space Conversions19.5. Image Interpolation and Extrapolation19.5.1. Brightness19.5.2. Contrast19.5.3. Saturation19.5.4. Sharpness19.6. Blend Modes19.6.1. Normal19.6.2. Average19.6.3. Dissolve19.6.4. Behind19.6.5. Clear19.6.6. Darken19.6.7. Lighten19.6.8. Multiply19.6.9. Screen19.6.10. Color Burn19.6.11. Color Dodge19.6.12. Overlay19.6.13. Soft Light19.6.14. Hard Light19.6.15. Add19.6.16. Subtract19.6.17. Difference19.6.18. Inverse Difference19.6.19. Exclusion19.6.20. Opacity19.7. Convolution19.7.1. Smoothing19.7.2. Edge Detection19.7.3. Sharpening19.8. Summary19.9. Further Information
20. RealWorldz
20.1. Features20.2. RealWorldz Internals20.2.1. Terrain-Rendering Structure20.2.2. Shading20.2.3. Fractal Terrains20.2.4. Fractal Terrains in RealWorldz20.2.5. Noise Texture Creation20.2.6. Tile Set Noise20.2.7. Surface Normals20.2.8. Overhanging Terrain20.3. Implementation20.3.1. Noise Values and Derivatives20.3.2. Tile Sets20.3.3. The Function Tree20.3.4. Terrain Color20.3.5. AltGrad Map for Snow20.3.6. AltGrad Map for AlienRockArt20.3.7. AltGrad Map for DragonRidges20.3.8. Lighting20.3.9. Performance Considerations20.4. Atmospheric Effects20.4.1. Aerial Perspective20.4.2. Sky Shading20.5. Ocean20.5.1. Reflections20.5.2. Reflected Sky20.5.3. Rendering the Ocean20.6. Clouds20.7. Summary20.8. Further Information
21. Language Comparison
21.1. Chronology of Shading Languages21.2. RenderMan21.3. OpenGL Shader (ISL)21.4. HLSL21.5. Cg21.6. Summary21.7. Further Information
A. Language Grammar
B. API Function Reference
Implementation-Dependent API Values for GLSLOther Queriable Values for GLSLglAttachShaderNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglBindAttribLocationNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglCompileShaderNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglCreateProgramNameC SpecificationDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglCreateShaderNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglDeleteProgramNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglDeleteShaderNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglDetachShaderNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglDrawBuffersNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglEnableVertexAttribArrayNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglGetActiveAttribNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglGetActiveUniformNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglGetAttachedShadersNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglGetAttribLocationNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglGetProgramNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsASSOCIATED GETSSee AlsoglGetProgramInfoLogNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglGetShaderNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglGetShaderInfoLogNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglGetShaderSourceNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglGetUniformNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglGetUniformLocationNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglGetVertexAttribNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglGetVertexAttribPointerNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglIsProgramNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglIsShaderNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglLinkProgramNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglShaderSourceNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglUniformNameC SpecificationParametersC SpecificationParametersC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglUseProgramNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglValidateProgramNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglVertexAttribNameC SpecificationParametersC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoglVertexAttribPointerNameC SpecificationParametersDescriptionNotesErrorsAssociated GetsSee AlsoOpenGL 1.5 to OpenGL 2.0 GLSL Migration Guide
Afterword
Glossary
Further Reading
Color Plate

Content preview from OpenGL® Shading Language, Second Edition

Chapter 12. Lighting

In the real world, we see things because they reflect light from a light source or because they are light sources themselves. In computer graphics, just as in real life, we won’t be able to see an object unless it is illuminated or emits light. To generate more realistic images, we need to have more realistic models for illumination, shadows, and reflection than those we’ve discussed so far.

In this chapter and the next two, we explore how the OpenGL Shading Language can help us implement such models so that they can execute at interactive rates on programmable graphics hardware. In this chapter, we look at some lighting models that provide more flexibility and give more realistic results than those built into OpenGL’s fixed ...

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OpenGL® Shading Language, Second Edition

by Randi J. Rost

Chapter 12. Lighting

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