R Deep Learning Cookbook

Getting ready

There are multiple ways to perform normalization:

• Min-max standardization: The min-max retains the original distribution and scales the feature values between [0, 1], with 0 as the minimum value of the feature and 1 as the maximum value. The standardization is performed as follows:

Here, x' is the normalized value of the feature. The method is sensitive to outliers in the dataset.

• Decimal scaling: This form of scaling is used where values of different decimal ranges are present. For example, two features with different bounds can be brought to a similar scale using decimal scaling as follows:

x'=x/10ⁿ

• Z-score: This transformation ...