376 RFID and Auto-ID in Planning and Logistics
• Frequency shift keying (FSK): two different frequencies are used for data transfer. A 0 is
transmitted as amplitude modulated clock signal with a different frequency, while a 1 is
sent on a different amplitude modulated frequency.
• Phase shift keying (PSK): similar to FSK, except only one frequency is used and the shift
between 1s and 0s is accomplished by shifting the peak and trough of the wave forms.
Data are also sent using non-return-to-zero (NRZ), differential biphase, and Manchester coding
schemes. They are used to improve noise immunity, interference, and efciency.
These factors make the air interface the most complicated component of system design. In other
words, the radio channel ...