book

The International Encyclopedia of Media Studies, 7 Volume Set

by Angharad N. Valdivia, John Nerone, Kelly Gates, Sharon Mazzarella, Vicki Mayer, Erica Scharrer, Radhika Parameswaran, Fabienne Darling-Wolf

February 2014

Intermediate to advanced

5024 pages

252h 39m

English

Wiley-Blackwell

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Media Studies TodayEditors and VolumesNOTESREFERENCES
ApproachesMomentsThe Foundations of Media StudiesConclusionNOTESREFERENCES

The High Modernism of Alphabetic Literacy: Walter J. OngThe End of the Great DivideMedia Structuralism in its Laocoön (Mannerist) Phase: InnisWhat was the Structuralist Appeal?ACKNOWLEDGMENTSREFERENCES
The Marxian TraditionPolitical EconomyCommunication History in Political EconomyThe “Other” MarxExpansion of a Cultural ApproachThe Culture of the Digital SublimeBridging the DivideREFERENCES
Foucault's Legacy and Media HistoryFriedrich Kittler and Media's Brute FacticityPhilosophy of Science and InstrumentalityCultural Studies and Media GovernmentalityAgamben and the ApparatusQuestions for the ApparatusConclusionNOTESREFERENCES
Why “Race/Ethnicity”?Rediscovering RootsDocumenting DiscriminationMulticulturalisms and National Identit(ies)Public Memory, Race and MediaRemembering Race/EthnicityREFERENCES
Gender, Sexuality, and MediaWomen as Media ProducersAdvocacy and Activist MediaGender and Sexuality as Media ContentThe Gendered Audience and ConsumerConclusionREFERENCES
Problematical DefinitionsOrigins in the United StatesAmerican Academic Politics and Founding MotivesFrench Origins, US Antecedents, and McLuhan-Eisenstein PrecedentsApproaches to ProductionApproaches to DistributionApproaches to ConsumptionThe Future HOBNOTESREFERENCES
IIIIIIIVVREFERENCES
Why the Focus on London?Daniel Defoe, London Merchant and WriterThe Habermasian UtopiaThe Less Utopian Reality of the London CoffeehouseWhat “Bourgeois” Public Sphere?The Not-So-Ideal World of the Early London PressPublic Opinion and the Policies of Renaissance VeniceREFERENCES
Penny PressPartisan PressDemocratization of the Daily PressDeclarations of Press IndependenceConsolidationMedia CorporationsThe Republican CenturyREFERENCES
Prehistory of JournalismThe Corresponding Journalism of the Early PressThe Development of Opinion JournalismCommercialization in the Nineteenth CenturyThe Professionalization of JournalismBetween Political Instrumentalization and Technical Innovation: Journalismin the Twentieth CenturyProspects: Journalism in the Twenty-First CenturyREFERENCES
Genealogy of Korean JournalismThe Birth of the Daily Newspaper: ChoboOrigins of the Modern NewspaperThe Long Road to Press Freedom: State Intervention in JournalismMedia Policies After DemocratizationThe Media Policy of Kim Young-Sam (1993–1997)Commercialization of JournalismChanging Journalists, Changing AudienceDemystification of Watchdog Journalism: Journalists Running for Political PowerChanges of Audience: Decline of Newspaper Readership and EvaluationJournalism in Digitization: Where to Go?History of Journalism Studies in KoreaKey Issues in Journalism Studies in the 2000sRethinking Press Freedom in KoreaNOTESREFERENCES
Prehistory of Journalismin Ancient ChinaThe Nineteenth-Century Rise of a Modern Press in Late Ch'ing China1900–1949: Journalism for Revolution1949–1978: Journalism as the Party's MouthpieceAfter 1978: Journalism Between Partisanism and CommercialismREFERENCESFURTHER READING
NOTESREFERENCES
Early Pre-Wire and Wire News ServicesThe Inland Telegraph and Wire ServicesMonopolies in Technology and NewsThe Atlantic Cable and NewsEuropean News AgenciesThe European News Cartel and Wire Services in the United StatesConclusionNOTESREFERENCES
PortraitsIdentity DocumentsLegal EvidencePrint MediaConclusionREFERENCES
Non-Theatrical: The Other History of Showing and Seeing FilmsNOTESREFERENCES
Fields of ConcernPoints of Reference: Analytic Terms for Socio-Technical SystemsFidelityConclusionREFERENCES
Mass TelevisionThe TV ProblemNiche TelevisionPost-Television?NOTEREFERENCES
IntroductionBeyond Passive and Active to a Revolutionary Paradigm ShiftDemocratic Diversity and Industrial FormationsGlobalization and Media ConglomeratesDeregulation and NeoliberalismReturn to IndustryNOTESREFERENCESFURTHER READING
IntroductionThe Rise of National Advertising and a Modern Consumer CultureEarly Consumer ReactionsThe Struggle Over Federal Regulation of Advertising in the 1930sAdvertising in World War IIThe Postwar EraConsumer Resistance in the 1960s, 1970s, and BeyondConclusionNOTESREFERENCES
Establishing the Early ProfessionsProfessional Organization of KnowledgeCommunication Work Becomes ProfessionalConsequences of ProfessionalismREFERENCES
Birth in a Decolonization OffensiveConsolidation in an Information WarDecline in a Corporate OffensiveFreeze in Globalization and Civil SocietyReflections and LessonsNOTESREFERENCES
IntroductionConnection to Computing HistoryTranslating InformationA Theory of LanguageTheory Into PracticeSystems for EditingFirst Attempts at Electronic DistributionDigital Layout and Digital DistributionThe Consequences of Completing the ChainThe Transformed NewspaperNOTEREFERENCES
The Relevance of GeographyBiased MediaRhythms of MobilityMocio-EconomicsNOTESREFERENCES
REFERENCES
Introduction: Situating the Chicago School of SociologyThe History of the Chicago SchoolRejectionIncorporationThe Committee on Communication, 1947–1960RediscoveryConclusionNOTESREFERENCES
Progressivism, Publicity, and the Committee on Public InformationPostwar Discourses: From Critique to ApplicationNeutralizing the Menace: Social Science and the Behavioral ApproachPropaganda and Media EffectsPropaganda, Education, and PolicyConclusionNOTESREFERENCES
The Culture Industry and Debates over Mass CultureFrom World War II to the Postwar EpochHabermas, the Public Sphere, and the MediaCritique and Contemporary RelevanceREFERENCES
“Limited Effects”: Birth in DeathBirthing the “Two-Step Flow”: The People's Choice and Its Columbian RivalsPersonal Influence and Two-Step Flows in the 1950sConsolidation and Challenge in the 1960sLimited Effects Since the 1980sConclusionNOTEREFERENCES
NOTESREFERENCES
IntroductionSome Preliminary PointsReading the British Tradition in Cultural StudiesRe-Narrating Class and Cultural StudiesDeconstructing DemystificationRevisiting the Operationalization of the Category of ClassNew Frames of Reference and Affiliation in Cinematic and Literary ProductionNarrating Class and Tradition in the Literary ImaginationConclusion: The New Imperatives of Globalization and the Predicament of Cultural StudiesREFERENCES
Media Studies TodayEditors and VolumesNOTESREFERENCES
Structure and Agency in Media Production ResearchThe Zeitgeist for Media ProductionProduction Regimes and InfrastructuresThe Cultural Industries and the Organization of ProductionProduct and Content FlowsProduction Work and PracticesProduction CulturesThe Ethics of ProductionProducing the FieldNOTESREFERENCES
Introduction: The Changing Landscape of Media and CultureGlobal Regulatory Shifts: Priorities and TensionsHegemonies of Cultural PolicyNoncommercial, Nonprofessional Culture and New Policy RegimesThe Future of CultureNOTESREFERENCES
Ideological Aspects of Information PolicyInformation Policy and the Balance of TradeThe Replication of the Celestial JukeboxAlternative Tentacles: The Rollout of European Access ControlsCase Studies: HADOPI and the Digital Economy Act of 2010Developing Alternative Models for Information PolicyConclusionNOTESREFERENCESFURTHER READING
The MIM-plex, Media Studies and the AcademyThinking with the MIM-plexA Powerful Question: Culture, Power, and the Institute for Creative TechnologiesHard Power, Soft Power, and the ICTDisciplinary Dialogue, Global Security, and the Purview of Production StudiesNOTESREFERENCES
Setting the Standard for Digital TelevisionCreating the Market for DTV while Taming Production LaborDTV Set Production at the US–Mexico BorderThe Ramifications of High-Tech ManufacturingConclusionNOTESREFERENCES
Anti-Corporate Populism and Media OwnershipThe Internet and Citizenship as Individual LibertyMinority Media Ownership and the Cultural Politics of Social CitizenshipConclusionACKNOWLEDGMENTSNOTESREFERENCESFURTHER READING
IntroductionThe New CapitalismMusic in a Neoliberal WorldMusic in a Networked WorldMusic in a Globalized World: The Rise of “World Music”ConclusionsNOTESREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Publisher Organizations and Responsibilities: Twentieth-Century ShiftsThe Rise of Self-PublishingProfessional Facilitators of Amateur PublishersThe Persisting Professional PublisherNOTESREFERENCES
Television Program and Changing ValueA Taxonomy of ImperativesConclusionNOTESREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Media, Audience, and CommunityThe Transformation of Media BuyingMedia Buying and the Exercise of PowerThe Long Click, Reputation, and Audience PowerNOTESREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Early Theses on Cultural ImperialismChallenges to Theses of Cultural ImperialismCritiques of Cultural Imperialism and Globalization TheoryA New Look at Cultural ImperialismConclusionREFERENCES
Historical OverviewThe History and Impact of Runaway Productions in Latin AmericaThe Mexican Film Industry from the Late 1990s to the PresentThe Argentine Film Industry from the Late 1990s to the PresentSOS (Save Our Screens): Enacting the Screen Quota in ArgentinaCo-Production Between Argentina and Spanish Autonomous Communities, Catalonia and GaliciaConclusionACKNOWLEDGMENTSNOTEREFERENCESFURTHER READING
The International Format TradeCultural Proximity and the Production of Global FormatsMethodStudy FindingsConcluding Thoughts on Hybrid Formats and Media ProductionNOTESREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Anthropologists Turning to the ScreenEvolving Key Scenarios in Kinois MediaTransnational FlowsNigerian Witchcraft FilmsStudying the FlowsConclusion: TV Serials and Palimpsests of CultureNOTESREFERENCESFURTHER READING
HabitsInvestmentsDefinitionsConclusionNOTESREFERENCES
Production of Mediated Performance: Research StrandsProduction of Mediatized Performance: Four Fields of InquiryPerformance, Identity, and SocietyNOTESREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Theoretical Framework and MethodsContext: Reality, Crisis, and TelevisionCosita Rica 's FlightConclusionEpilogueNOTESREFERENCESFURTHER READING
IntroductionAggregating Content/Disaggregating Labor in Tentpole TVDistributed Assistanthood: Dues-Paying Apprentices and “Desk Slaves”Sourcing Film Market Intelligence: Box Office Data, Tracking, and the Hollywood Stock ExchangeNOTESREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Dreams of YouTube WritingForms of YouTube WritingStylo Dreams DeferredNOTESREFERENCES
Production Studies, ExpandedInsider PositionsInsider Material on TVInsider AestheticsSafety in NumbersQueer TV CultureConclusionREFERENCES
Media Geographies: The Politics of Space and PlaceConstructing Vancouver as Hollywood NorthMedia Capitals, Creative Clusters, and Runaway Production: The Case of Haddock Entertainment, CanadaThe International Production EcologyNOTESREFERENCES
DeclineFlexibilitySocially Marginal Status of the Film IndustryConclusionNOTESREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Youth Media Production: Frames of ReferenceHYPE: Context and Method of StudyConclusionACKNOWLEDGMENTSNOTESREFERENCES
The StudyWho Are the Producers of Quality Television for Children?Perceiving Television for Children as a Safe and Relevant SpaceChildren's TV and Social ChangeNOTESREFERENCES
Critical Analysis of Creative LaborThe Debate About Creative WorkToward a Model of Good and Bad WorkWorking in Television: Documentary DevelopmentClosing CommentsNOTESREFERENCES
What Are Community Media?Theorizing the Importance of Production and the Means of CommunicationParticipants' Motivations for Community Media: Three ExamplesBeyond the Limits of Community Media TheoriesConclusionNOTESREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Production Beyond ConsciousnessLabor and Environment in Media ProductionThe Case of las maquiladorasConclusion: Creative Production Is TheftNOTESREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Media Studies TodayEditors and VolumesNOTESREFERENCES
Quantitative Analysis of Media ContentQualitative Analysis of Media ContentContent and RepresentationVolume StructureIntroduction to the ChaptersConclusionREFERENCES
Precedents and ContextFilm and Television EntertainmentSportsChildren's CultureJournalismMusicThe Complex Nature of the Hypercommercial TextCommercial Paratexts and Contexts in 30 RockConclusion: Interactive Product Placement and Antimarketing BlowbackREFERENCES
Television Marketplace and Policy Changes in the United StatesHistorical Comparisons of Non-Program Content in Children's Television in the United StatesFrom Old to New Media: Digital Natives in their Digital WorldDiscussion and ConclusionREFERENCES
Literature Review: Studying the Portrayal of Women in AdvertisingThe Role of the Media in the Crystallization of StereotypesA Study of Fashion Brand AdvertisingFindingsDiscussion and ConclusionsNOTEREFERENCES
Governing Gender through BrandsThe Politics of Motherhood in the Post-9/11 WorldConclusionNOTESREFERENCES
Hegemonic Masculinity and the Sports/Media ComplexSports FeminismFeminism and Our Research on the Sports/Media ComplexConclusionNOTESREFERENCES
The Latin American TelenovelaTelenovelas and Cultural IdentityInternational Telenovela FlowMethodologyDevaluing the Telenovela GenreThe Telenovela as Cultural ProxyDiscussionREFERENCES
Representation and Shaping Our Perception of the WorldRepresentation of Minorities in the NewsTheory and Methodology in Research of News Representation of MinoritiesReasons for the Problematic Image of Minority GroupsChanging RepresentationsConclusionsREFERENCES
The Children's Television Landscape in a Global ContextThe Importance of Local ContentLocal Content on Local Thematic TelevisionLocals Answering Back?ConclusionREFERENCES
Invisibility and StereotypesRacialization and “Latin Looks”Constructions of Latinidad and the Question of AuthenticityHybridity and TransnationalismSelf-Representation and Participation in Mainstream MediaConclusion: Contemporary Trends and Research QuestionsNOTESREFERENCES
Mapping Queer TheoryQueering AcademiaPutting the Queer into Media StudiesTextual DeconstructionQueering TelevisionConclusionNOTEREFERENCES
From Masculinity to Masculinities: Evolving Portrayals in US MediaDiffering Masculinities in the MediaHegemonic Masculinity in the MediaHypermasculinity in the MediaMetrosexuals in the MediaMasculinity and RaceMasculinity and ClassMasculinity and Sexual OrientationMasculinity and GenderMasculinities “Appropriate” for Specific MediaMasculinities across MediaMasculinities in PrintFuture ResearchNOTEREFERENCES
Reel Women?A New Nation's Cinema: From Strong Mothers to Docile WivesBinarized FemininityThe Global RomanceConclusionNOTESREFERENCES
Who's Working in the Lab? A Look at the NumbersFemale Scientists in the Press: Extraordinary but Marginalized Scientist as well as a Good Wife and MotherFemale Scientists on Television: Moving Away from Marginalization and Subordination to A Lab of Her OwnFemale Scientists on the Big Screen: Competent, Independent, and “Remarkably Beautiful”Female Scientists in Cyberspace: Gains in Professional Status Yet Challenges with Bias and Work/Family BalanceConclusionsREFERENCES
Collective Memory-Making in Films on VietnamOrientalist LogicDramatizing a Vietnamese Woman's Story: Oliver Stone's Vision of Heaven and EarthThe Quiet American: Phillip Noyce's Critique of WarThree Seasons: Tony Bui's Imagining of Vietnam's FutureConclusionsREFERENCES
Representing the Chinese “Nation”The Global Economy and the Rule of LawThe Aftershock of HistoryConclusionACKNOWLEDGMENTSNOTESREFERENCES
The Policy PerspectiveThe Theoretical PerspectiveDefining ViolenceHistorical Perspective of US Television ViolenceUS Television Violence Before and After the Turn of the CenturyThe Context of ViolenceViolence in US Children's ProgramsConclusionNOTEREFERENCES
Blogging Content: EvolutionThe Private, the Public, and the Personal in Blogging ContentBlogging and RepresentationBlogging and RaceBlogging and ClassBlogging and GenderFuture TrendsREFERENCES
From Suffrage to Blogging: Generations of Feminist MediaFeminist Media as Citizens' Media“Bare Breasts”: Blogging and Collective ActionConsciousness-Raising 2.0? Blogging against AnorexiaMicro-Narratives of Motherhood: Politicizing Childbirth and BreastfeedingBlogging Citizenship – Doing Feminism: Concluding RemarksACKNOWLEDGMENTSNOTESREFERENCES
Analyzing Videogame ContentLimitations of Past ApproachesCase Study I: The Sims and QueernessMore Recent WorkCase Study II: Phoenix WrightConclusionNOTEREFERENCES
Research on Videogames and ViolenceIncorporating Conceptual Issues into Videogame Content ResearchConclusionREFERENCES
Aesthetics of ConvergenceNarrative as Form and ContentAffect, Movement, and TimeACKNOWLEDGMENTSNOTESREFERENCES
Scholarly Outlets for Content-Analytic InvestigationsRecent Trends in Content-Analytic InvestigationsThe Big PictureREFERENCES
Fashioning a “Museum for the Twenty-First Century”: From Artifact Collection to Information UtilityMuseum Practice and Indigenous (Re)presentationMedia Technologies and the First Peoples HallReception of the FPHConclusionNOTESREFERENCES
Calypso Research: Histories, Intellectuals, and “The People”The Political Calypso: Intellectuals and “The People”Envisioning Futures: Performance and “Disreputable” SpacesConclusionNOTESREFERENCES
Media Studies TodayEditors and VolumesNOTESREFERENCES
The Current Moment of Audience StudiesDistinguishing Characteristics and Organization of the VolumeREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Confronting the SystemLearning the RopesMentoring the Fledgling ResearcherSpace and PlaceTackling Audience Research: Closing ThoughtsREFERENCES
Multi-Sited Ethnography: Possibilities, Problems, and PleasMy Project: Multi-Sited? Multilocal? Or Just Multiperspectival?The Diffusion, Modification, and Rejection of Borders' Model of BooksellingCompeting Discourses, Ideologies and Conflicts Concerning Borders' PracticesConclusionREFERENCESFURTHER READING
IntroductionMedia Reception SituationApproaches to Researching Media Reception SituationsDervin's Sense-Making Methodology (SMM)Case Study: Gender as StructureCase Study: Media Interface as StructureConclusionsREFERENCES
Fieldwork in Media StudiesObservation and the FieldNotes from a Visit to MonsantoConclusionsNOTEREFERENCES
ItinerariesWalking ToursLooking Back and Looking ForwardNOTESREFERENCES
Methods for Audience ResearchThree Modes of Reflexivity: Self, Media, and ResearchProducing ReflexivityNOTESREFERENCESFURTHER READING
IntroductionThe Rise of Reflexivity in Media Audience and in Qualitative Methods ResearchHow Research Is Made Meaningful: The Story of Kayla's StoryRigorous Research and the Work of InterpretationConclusion: On the Role of Media Studies in Public LifeNOTESREFERENCESFURTHER READING
A Passionate CultureGenerating Thick DataThick Description and Textual AnalysisAccounting for ForceIntroducing IsaacOn Being a Parent: Thickness and ForceDescriptions: Through Thick and ThinWriting PassionatelyPassionate Bodies, Passionate MindsThickness, Force, PowerREFERENCES
Not an Easy TaskA View From the GroundWhy Translocalism?We Are All Translocal, Including Audience ResearchersOn Developing Translocal Strategies for Audience StudiesConcluding RemarksNOTEREFERENCES
IntroductionThree Trysts with Audience Realities: Family, World, GodTruth and Power in Audience ResearchReality as Something Not So NiceReality as Something NiceReality as ReligionConclusionREFERENCES
The Home Affairs of South African TelevisionImagining and Mediating the NationFamiliarity Breeds ContemptFamiliarity and DesirabilityFamiliarity and UbiquityConclusion: Multiple Proximities and Nation-BuildingACKNOWLEDGMENTNOTESREFERENCES
IntroductionEast Asian Pop CultureTV Drama AudienceDomesticating/Preserving the ForeignFragmentary AudienceIdentification Ladder: From Human to AsianDistancing/Embracing DifferenceLayers of AudiencesThe Politics of a Transnational AudiencePan-East Asian Identity?For an Analytic FrameworkConclusionNOTESREFERENCES
Linguistic Diversity in IndiaPolitical Economy and Linguistic Diversity in the Indian Film IndustryResearch on Indian Film AudiencesImplications for Studies of Film Audiences in IndiaNOTESREFERENCES
Every Night on Prime TimeWatching TV in Macambira: A Case Study of Rural ViewersConclusionREFERENCES
Importation of Foreign Media Products in the 1980s and Early 1990sRapid Media Commercialization in China since 1992Global Influences on Chinese Media in the Post-WTO EnvironmentShifts in the Portrayal of a Chinese Audience: From Workers and Citizens to Consumers and SpectatorsUnderstanding the Implicit and Explicit Audience: Textual Analysis and EthnographyAudience Research and New Communication TechnologiesAgenda for Future Audience ResearchConclusionNOTEREFERENCESFURTHER READING
IntroductionInfluences on Audience Ethnography in AustraliaThe Ethnographic Audience Research ApproachConclusionREFERENCES
The Audience as ProducerThe Audience Has an Audience (or The Audience is an Audience with An Audience)The Audience as Producer and the Audience That Seeks Its Own AudienceNOTESREFERENCES
Counting AudiencesMeasuring Online AudiencesCasting the Role of MeasurementAccounting for AudiencesACKNOWLEDGMENTNOTESREFERENCES
Studying Computer-Mediated Cultures: Point of EntryCyberethnographyEthnographies at Online/Offline IntersectionsConclusionACKNOWLEDGMENTSNOTESREFERENCESFURTHER READING
IntroductionCriticism of the Traditional Communication ModelOnline Newspapers and InteractivityThe Engaged Audience: Interactive Features and BlogsParticipatory and Citizen JournalismChallenges AheadREFERENCES
Definition of TermsHealth, Culture, and PowerThe Biomedical ParadigmWomen as an Audience of Health MediaAn Agenda for Research on Women as Audiences, of Health MediaConclusionREFERENCES
Untangling Activist and Alternative AudiencesActivists as Transmitters of InformationThe “Disturbing Gulf” between Activist Producers and AudiencesCurrent Approaches to Activist AudiencesTheorizing Activist Audiences as Participants in RitualContributions of Ritual to Media ResearchSocial Limitations of New Activist MediaFuture DirectionsConclusionREFERENCES
Reception Research: Delimiting the Scope of the AnalysisStage 1: Hegemonic CitizenshipStage 2: Monitorial CitizenshipStage 3: Popular CitizenshipStage 4: Participatory CitizenshipStage 5: Ubiquitous CitizenshipAudiences as Citizens: A Historical TypologyUbiquitous Citizenship: Challenges for Reception ResearchNOTESREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Political Street PlaysActivist DocumentariesDigital EngagementWitnessing as EngagementNOTEREFERENCES
Media Studies TodayEditors and VolumesNOTESREFERENCES
Media Use Around the WorldMedia Effects Scholarship: Stability and ChangeThe Emergence of “Media Psychology”Conclusions and Future DirectionsREFERENCES
Classic Conceptualizations and Emerging TrendsAn OverviewAgenda-Setting Effects from Incidental ExposureNeed for OrientationElaborating the Concept of RelevanceKnowledge Activation and Agenda SettingConsequences for Attitudes and OpinionsAffective Impact of Visual InformationPolitical and Civic ParticipationConclusionREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Early CriticismCan Cultivation Survive the Active Viewer?The Cognitive RevolutionFirst Order, Second Order, On-Line and Off-LineThe Final Word on First- and Second-Order Processes?Challenges for Cultivation Theory in the Twenty-First Century: From a Psychological to a Sociological Revolution?The Final Challenge: Toward a Sociology of Cultivation?REFERENCESFURTHER READING
Priming and Framing – Modern Paradigms of Media EffectsA Multi-Level Matrix for Media Framing and Priming EffectsFraming and Priming at the Micro-LevelFraming and Priming Effects at the Meso- and Macro-LevelsConclusionsREFERENCES
Lessons Learned from MediaThe General Aggression ModelGAM is IntegrativeRole of Individual DifferencesGeneral Learning ModelOverall ConclusionsREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Audience Trust in MediaHostile Media PerceptionsPerceived Media InfluenceToward a Theory of Perceptions of MediaREFERENCESFURTHER READING
IntroductionOrigins and Theoretical AssumptionsEvolution of ResearchCommunication MotivesActivityMedia and Content ExposureBackground CharacteristicsRepresentative Uses and Gratifications StudiesConclusionREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Theorizing Media EntertainmentThe Enjoyment of Recreation and Psychological GrowthEnjoyable Recreation During Media ExposureEnjoyable Psychological Growth During Media ExposureConclusionNOTEREFERENCESFURTHER READING
The Appeal of Media ViolenceSelective ExposureWhat is Media Violence?Excitation and Affect-Based ApproachesFunctional ApproachesPersonality FactorsSocial Factors Influencing Interest in Media ViolenceUnderstanding Interest in Media Violence: Some Tentative ConclusionsREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Mind, Body, and MediaThe Theoretical ModelThe Operational ModelPutting it All TogetherThe FutureREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Viewing Video ViolenceResearch and Social Concerns upon the Introduction of TelevisionThe Five Principal US CommissionsCorrelational ResearchSpecial-Case Correlational ResearchBehavioral to Neurological – ConnectionsBeginnings of BrainmappingExploring the Prefrontal CortexACKNOWLEDGMENTSREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Television and GenderTheoretical OrientationsGender-Role ImagesEffects of Media ImagesConclusionREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Studying Race in the NewsThe Framing of Race in Traditional MediaHow Stereotyped Media Content Affects the IndividualRevisiting Race and News in a New Media EnvironmentShortcomings in Prior ResearchConclusionREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Media and StereotypesPortrayals of Race/Ethnicity in the MediaStereotype ConstructionStereotype Activation and ApplicationFactors that Moderate the Effect of the Media on StereotypingSummary and ConclusionsREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Media and WarThe Press/Military RelationshipEmbedded ReportersVisual Images of WarPublic Opinion and WarNontraditional Sources of InformationConclusionREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Media and Body Size and ShapeRelevant Background and Earlier Work in the DisciplineSports Media Exposure and Sports ParticipationBroader Contextualization of Relevant Factors: Body Image and Individual, Social, and Mediated FactorsTheoretical PerspectivesOther Body Image Outcomes: Anti-Fat Bias and ObesityThe Role of the Media in the Development of Anti-Fat BiasSummary Discussion of Media Exposure and Anti-Fat BiasMedia and ObesityDirections for Future ResearchREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Development of the GenreDefining Reality TVWhy People Watch Reality TVThe Effects of Reality TV ConsumptionIdentification and Involvement with Reality TV PersonalitiesExploring the Benefits of Reality TV ViewingReality TV and Viewers' HealthConclusionREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Fear and Anxiety in the Context of Emotion TheoryImmediate and Lingering Fear Responses to MediaFear and Risk Related to Real-World ThreatsMedia-Related Fear and Intergroup RelationsConclusions and InterpretationsREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Key Outcomes of Media ViolencePhysiological OutcomesCognitive OutcomesAffective OutcomesBehavioral OutcomesViolent Content in ContextWho is Most Susceptible?ConclusionREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Social ImportanceSexual SocializationTheoretical PerspectivesEmpirical ResearchVariables of InterestContext of the Media PortrayalPositive Effects of Sexual Content in the Media?ConclusionFuture ResearchREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Importance of TV Spots and Debates in Contemporary SocietyThe Nature of TV Spots and DebatesCampaign Media EffectsMinimal Effects TheoryConclusionREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Manifestations of Democratic CitizenshipEffects of Traditional News MediaPolitical Entertainment and the Evolving Media LandscapeConclusionsREFERENCESFURTHER READING
The Rise of Political EntertainmentIn the Message is the Mechanism: The Importance of ContentThe Who: The People Watching “The What”Effects Mechanisms: Areas of PromiseHybridityCauses and Characteristics of Hybrid Political Media EnvironmentConclusion: A Bright Future for Effects ResearchNOTEREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Using the InternetThe Internet, Sociability, and PoliticsNews and Politics OnlineBlogsOnline Public Sphere and Political MessagingConclusionNOTESREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Studying Public Communication CampaignsCampaign Design and ManagementSummative Evaluation of Campaign EffectsMessage TypesMediated Communication Channels: Mass and DigitalQuantitative Dissemination FactorsExample Campaign Focus: Anti-Drug CampaignsExample Campaign Focus: Antismoking CampaignsExample Campaign Focus: Risky Drinking CampaignsConclusionREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Communication and Information CampaignsFear AppealsPersonalizationSocial MarketingPotentialLimitationsReview of Previous StudiesConclusionsREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Defining Message FramingThe Origins of Message FramingResearch on Message Framing: An OverviewModerators of Message Framing EffectsConclusionsREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Children's Processing of AdvertisingAdvertising Processing and Advertising EffectsThe Role of DevelopmentThe Role of Parents and CaretakersConclusionsREFERENCES
Media and Scholastic Achievement: Key QuestionsPreeminence of TelevisionTelevision and AchievementVanishing RelationshipCurvilinearityAttentionLanguage and VocabularyCreativity and Imaginative ThinkingIn Search of ExplanationDisplacementInterferenceSocializationProcessLooking AheadNOTEREFERENCES
Television as an Educational ToolThe Task of Watching TelevisionDoes Television Have an Educational Impact on Infants?Preschoolers and TelevisionPreschoolers' TV Viewing: A Task AnalysisEducational ProgrammingBeyond the Preschool YearsHow is Educational Television Successful?Final CommentREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Television as a Prosocial ForceWeak Effects of Unaided Viewing at HomeWhy Might Young Viewers Need Help Interpreting Prosocial Content?How are Prosocial Lessons Taught in Television Content?The Risks in Modeling Negative Attitudes and BehaviorsStrategies to Try to Increase Positive EffectsAdding Explanatory Inserts to Prosocial ContentConclusionsREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Adolescents and the InternetInternet Communication and Psychosocial Development in AdolescenceIdentity, Intimacy, and Five Characteristics of Internet CommunicationOpportunities and Risks of Internet Communication: Empirical EvidenceConclusions, Shortcomings, and Future ResearchNOTEREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Media Literacy DefinedWhat is a Media Literacy Intervention?Applications and InterventionsMedia Literacy Efficacy: Key IssuesConclusionREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Mediation in Homes and SchoolsParental Mediation and its Effects on Children and AdolescentsParental Mediation and Substance UseRelationships between Parental Communication and Media LiteracyMedia Literacy and Substance UseIntegrating Parental Communication, Media Literacy, and Substance UseConclusionREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Foundations of Media PolicyFederal Children's Media PoliciesFederal Funding ProgramsSelf-RegulationConclusionACKNOWLEDGEMENTREFERENCESFURTHER READING
Media Studies TodayEditors and VolumesNOTESREFERENCES
Media Studies Futures, Past and PresentDefining the Media in Media StudiesPart 1: The Future of Media Studies: Theory, Method, PedagogyPart 2: Social and Mobile Media FuturesPart 3: Media Industry and Infrastructure FuturesPart 4: Journalism and Media Policy FuturesPart 5: Interactivity, Affect, and the Future of Media SubjectivitiesPart 6: Whose Future? Children, Youth Cultures, and Digital MediaPart 7: What Future? Or, the Unsustainable PresentNOTESREFERENCES
When Theory Loses its StingExodus from Media StudiesA Blurry HeritageKeeping Up with the GooglesMedia Studies in the NetherlandsThe Quantitative TurnOutlook Toward a New ProgramACKNOWLEDGMENTSNOTESREFERENCES
Database Dating and the Invention of SchoolsThe Media Question and Organized NetworksConcepts Beyond the ClassroomOrganizing Concept ProductionACKNOWLEDGMENTSNOTESREFERENCES
IntroductionIntroduction to Blogs 1 and 2 on Teaching the ClassBLOG 1: Learning from YouTube, 09-07-2007BLOG 2: Learning from Learning from YouTube mid-way, 10-29-07Conclusions for Blogs 1 and 2Introduction to Blogs 3 and 4 on Organizing Course Output and ConclusionsBLOG 3: YouTube Tour #1: Education, 02-06-08BLOG 4: On Video Writing, 11-04-08Introduction to Blogs 5–7: On Publishing in the Digital HumanitiesBLOG 5: Digital Humanities, 7-17-09BLOG 6: On Publishing My YouTube “Book” Online, 09-24-09BLOG 7: Contractual Mayhem: On the Absurdities of Moving from Paper to Digital in Academic Publishing, 06-11-10Conclusions Regarding the Shape of What is MissingNOTESREFERENCES
Introduction: How to Work with Massive Media Data SetsMedia VisualizationDimensions of Media VisualizationMedia Visualization TechniquesConclusionACKNOWLEDGMENTSNOTESREFERENCES
IntroductionA Prehistory of Game StudiesVideogames are Special, and Not SpecialMethods and their MeaningsQuestioning Origin TheoriesOne Possible Future for Game StudiesREFERENCES
Alejandro Piscitelli: From Cyberculture to FacebookThe Information Society and the Digital DivideComplicating Internet Access Issues in Latin AmericaYouth Cybercultures, Citizenship, and Urban EnvironmentsCyber-Journalism and BloggingAffect and Collective IntelligenceAnalog Researchers, Retrained for the Digital WorldNOTESREFERENCES
IntroductionUnderstanding Convergence: From the Audience Commodity to Immaterial LaborThe “Sensuous” Body of Immaterial Labor 2.0The Prehistoric TurnNew Rhythms of (Non)LocalityNOTESREFERENCES
The Waning Distinction Between Private and Public: Net Locality and the Restructuring of SpaceWhen Photography Becomes CartographyMaking Location Data PublicRethinking Privacy and SurveillanceBlurring the Line Between Private and Public SpacesPrivacy Through ExclusionConclusionNOTESREFERENCES
Time, Visibility, and the Social Media PandemicH1N1: Social Mediation in Anticipatory TimeSocial Media and ReproducibilityH1N1's Shadow Archive: (Flu) Pandemics PastHCV: An Invisible Pandemic in Slow TimeThe Invisible Virus: Clones, Swarms, and Quasi-SpeciesHCV's Slow Course: The Imperceptible Bodily Progression of the DiseaseThe Invisible Pandemic: HCV as Unmediated VirusNOTESREFERENCES
IntroductionTechnology AppropriationDiffusion and Manufacture of Mobile PhonesMethodsAlternative Phones and Grassroots InnovationA Taxonomy of Alternative PhonesConcluding RemarksNOTESREFERENCES
Avatar as Game ChangerBattle Across FormatsAccess and ApparatusTechnological TentpolesACKNOWLEDGMENTSNOTESREFERENCES
No Viewer Left BehindOut of RangeFrom TV Snow to White SpaceConclusionACKNOWLEDGMENTSNOTESREFERENCES
The Uncomfortable Proximity of Convergence“The Future of Broadcast Television is Mobile”Emergent Technologies, Residual Protocols“Real TV, Now on Your Phone”ConclusionNOTESREFERENCES
Accreditation in the Future-Information Economy: Discrediting the PoliticalBetting on TerrorConclusionNOTESREFERENCES
The Roots of the Objective Ideal and Journalism's Modern PeriodNews Values, Individualism, and Conflict: The “Story” of Modern NewsThe Transformation of Reporting Rites in the New Partisan EraDifferences Between Print and Television NewsVisual Language, Critical Limits, and Fake News60 Minutes and the Reporter as StarContemporary Journalism in the Corporate EraThe Waning of the Corporate EraThe Decline of Public Journalism and the Rise of Citizen ReportersNew News Narratives and Implications for Journalism EducationREFERENCES
On the Political Economy of Accountability JournalismOn Professionalism and Journalism's Normative FoundationOn Journalism Studies in the Age of ReorientationREFERENCES
Historicizing the Disconnect and Revising the RevisionsA Call for Critical Media Policy StudiesThe Critical Political Economy Approach to Policy StudiesContextualizing the Big Picture and Returning to the NormativeWhat Media Scholars Can DoHistoricizing Media Policy DebatesConclusionNOTESREFERENCES
Problematizing the AudienceCollective Subjects: Composition and OrganizationAssociated TermsInteractivity as/in the InterregnumConclusion: Monsters of ReasonNOTESREFERENCES
Emotion and Communication StudiesLiberal Democratic Theory and the Distrust of EmotionProblematizing Liberal Democracy and the Public SphereThe Impact of Emotions on Political LifeConclusionNOTEREFERENCES
New Media After the SingularityThe Future of Cartesian DualismThe Future of “Human Biology”Transcending Us, or, Ending the FutureThe Futur of New MediaNOTESREFERENCES
The Politics of Videogame Pleasure: Who Plays, Who Pays?Overemphasis on the Hardcore GamerVideogames are Both Textual and Communicative ArtifactsConclusionNOTESREFERENCES
Introduction: Cybertherapeutic ReasonA Hammer Finds its Nail: A Brief History of VR TherapyThe Ultimate Skinner Box?VR for PTSD: A Comparative ApproachComparing VR TherapiesConclusion: The Future of Therapy?NOTESREFERENCES
IntroductionQuantitative Dimensions of ICT Access and Use in the RegionThe Indicators in Perspective: Regional Strategies and National PlansQualitative Dimensions of ICT Access and Appropriation in the RegionFinal ConsiderationsNOTESREFERENCES
IntroductionPart I: Theorizing South Asian DiasporaPart II: Desi Youth Hanging Out in Digital DiasporaNOTESREFERENCES
Research on Children and Young People's Mobile Phone UseChildhoods Past and PresentMoral Panics and RisksExamples from Japan: Facing the Future of CommunicationExamples from Australia: Threats and OpportunitiesComparing Japan and Australia: Commonalities and ContextsBack to the Futures: Conclusions and QuestionsNOTESREFERENCES
IntroductionFrom Abstract Labor to Abstract LifeA Dead PlanetArtificial LifeConclusionNOTESREFERENCES
Environmental ContradictionsEconomic Contradictions: The Diminishing Returns of Consumer CapitalismCultural Contradictions: Consumer Capitalism vs. the Quality of LifeLiving the Contradictions: Media, Culture, and Consumer CapitalismObsessed with ObsolescenceSelling ConsumerismDisposable News and Democracy: Rethinking the Way We Report the WorldBeyond Consumerism: Media Studies RebornNOTESREFERENCES
IntroductionDisaster FilmsLiberalism, the Labor Theory of Value, and the Wealth of NationsLiberal Dreams, Liberal NightmaresConclusionNOTESREFERENCES
Introduction2010: Blessed are the Accountants . . .Sometime in the Near FutureConclusionNOTESREFERENCES
Media Studies TodayEditors and VolumesNOTESREFERENCES
Situating Research Methods in Media StudiesRunning Themes and Volume OrganizationPart 1: Setting Up the StagePart 2: Working with PeoplePart 3: Working with TextsPart 4: Virtual Challenges, Interdisciplinary Research, and Mixed Method ResearchNOTESREFERENCES
Approaches, Methodologies, ParadigmsAmbiguity of “Media and Communication Research”Mapping Contemporary Paradigms: Logics of CoherenceTensions: The Dominant Paradigm and Its ChallengersChallenges and Controversies in Media ResearchFor a Reconstituted Matrix of ResearchNOTESREFERENCES
Who Cares About Research Ethics?Three Types of Ethical QuestionsA Brief History of Ethics Review BoardsCommon Critiques of Ethics Review BoardsMedia Research: A History of Competing MotivesBasic Protocols in Media ResearchThe Challenge of Online EnvironmentsResearch Ethics 2.0? Review Boards Confront the Challenge of Digital MediaThe Challenge of Participatory and Activist ResearchAccepting the Challenge of Media Research EthicsREFERENCES
History and Uses of Survey Methodology in Media StudiesWhen to Select Survey MethodologyProcedure for Conducting a SurveySelecting a Study DesignAssessing the Mode of Delivering the QuestionnaireSelecting a SampleDesigning a QuestionnaireChallenges in Survey MethodologyConducting Ethically Sound Survey ResearchREFERENCES
IntroductionWhat Is Q Methodology? A Brief History and OverviewHow Does Q Methodology Work?Utilizing Q Methodology in Media ResearchReceptions of Avatar: A Case Study in Using Q Methodology for Media ResearchWhat is Q Methodology's Potential Contribution to Answering Key Questions in Media Studies?ConclusionNOTEREFERENCES
Interviewing: A Brief History and PhilosophyKinds of InterviewsInstitutional Review Board ApprovalDrawing a SampleDeveloping QuestionsCollecting the DataAnalyzing and Writing the DataConclusionNOTESREFERENCES
Recovering and Interpreting the PastHistory of Oral HistoryMemoryHuman Subjects ReviewPre-Interview ResearchInterview as Data CollectionChoosing Your InterviewsRecording TechnologyQuestionsLegal Release FormTranscriptions/Electronic MediaTranscript ApprovalOral History Interview Analysis and InterpretationPresentation and Classroom UseOral History RepositorySummary and ConclusionREFERENCES
Qualitative Interviews and the Exploration of Cinema-Goers' MemoriesThe SettingMemories of Cinema-Going: The Relevance of Focused Interviews in the Exploration of Film Audiences' ExperiencesSelection of Movie Houses and Films by Audiences, 1930s–1960sSocial Class DifferencesMemories of National and Foreign FilmsCinema-Going, Family, and Social InteractionMemories of Plots and MoviesDiscussionNOTESREFERENCES
EthnographyMedia AnthropologyCase Study: Ethnography of a Local Radio StationThe FieldworkAuthority and OwnershipConflictDiscussionNOTEREFERENCES
AutoethnographyThe Problems of AutoethnographyThe Benefits of AutoethnographyConnecting the Individual to the Cultural: Digitalization of TV in FinlandSmall Is BeautifulREFERENCES
Logic of the Controlled ExperimentEstablishing CausalityResearch Questions That Can Be Addressed by Controlled ExperimentsDesigning an ExperimentTrue Experimental DesignsFactorial StudiesConfoundsCreating Treatment and Message VarianceOperationalizing Independent VariablesOperationalizing Dependent VariablesBetween or Within Subjects?Sample SizesSample CompositionManipulation ChecksSummaryREFERENCES
Case Study: An Examination of Anti-Fat Bias in Grade School ChildrenDesign Problems Specific to the Case StudyHow Between-Subjects Designs Can Be Used in Media Studies ResearchREFERENCES
Apologetic RhetoricResearch QuestionsPlanning a Mixed Approach to Content AnalysisAnalysisConclusion: Advantages and Disadvantages of a Mixed ApproachNOTESREFERENCES
Origins: Developing Research QuestionsDesignSampling and Material CollectionMeasuresCoder Selection and TrainingIntercoder ReliabilityData Entry and AnalysisWriting, Authorship, and PresentationUnexpected AfterlifeLessons LearnedACKNOWLEDGMENTSNOTEREFERENCES
Text-Based Approaches to Qualitative ResearchTypes of Text-Based ApproachesDoing Text-Based Qualitative ResearchEthical ConsiderationsREFERENCES
Defining Textual AnalysisMethodological AssumptionsTopic SelectionExemplar: Representing the Other in Food ReviewsEstablishing a Theoretical ContextFurther InterpretationsNOTEREFERENCES
Turn 1: Symbolic Anthropology and Folklore StudiesTurn 2: The Culture Industry, Hegemony, and Cultural StudiesTurn 3: Discourse and IdentityTurn 4: Society, Structure, and PracticeMedia Culture and Materiality: Culture Industries, Senses, and BooksREFERENCES
IntroductionMethodologies, Topics, and Research QuestionsSourcesUsing the SourcesCase StudiesNOTEREFERENCES
Introducing Film AnalysisFilm Analysis and CriticismFilm Analysis and SystemsFilm Analysis, Statistics, and ObjectivityFilm Analysis, Description, and EvocationConclusionREFERENCES
Eye Tracking: The MethodStructural Components of Human Eye Movements: Fixations, Saccades, Micro-MovementsExogenous and Endogenous Control of Visual PerceptionWhat Fixations and Saccades Tell UsSetting Up an Eye-Tracking Study: A Case Study on Shock-Inducing AdvertisementsMethodological Limitations and ChallengesNOTESREFERENCES
Review of Relevant Literature: Television Reception StudiesPhotovoiceMethodologyThe Show True BloodCombining Photovoice With the Reception InterviewResults: Using Photographs to Talk About TelevisionUsing Photovoice to Express Manifest and Latent ThemesProviding an Aesthetic FoundationDiscussion and ConclusionNOTEREFERENCESAppendix A: ProceduresAppendix B: Interview Protocol
The Object of ResearchThe DataThe ProblemsResults and FindingsConclusionsACKNOWLEDGMENTSNOTESREFERENCES
IntroductionDigital EthnographyCarrying Out Digital FieldworkSome Final RemarksREFERENCES
Review of Research Approaches to Traditional and New Media StudiesExperimenting With Mixed Research Methods to Study Complex Virtual InteractionsStudy 1: A Tale of Two WebsitesStudy 2: Redefining the Problem Space, Extending the Research FocusStudy 3: A Conceptual Framework for Virtual StudiesMeasuring Perceptual Shifts in Physical and Virtual PlayThe Importance of Isolating for GenderComplex Virtual Interactions Call for Complex Methodological ApproachesNOTESREFERENCES
MethodGeneral Approach of the StudyThe Sound MediumThe ModelInstrumentsRationale: Children and the Music of the MediaAnalysis of TVE Programs for ChildrenAnalysis of Cinema for Children: Happy FeetConclusions and DiscussionACKNOWLEDGMENTSREFERENCES
The Transnational Perspective: The Interstices of Thinking “Glocally”Representations of Otherness in News Media Discourse: Latin Americans in SpainCompassionate View of EcuadoriansAn Attitude of Fear Toward ColombiansBrotherly Attitude Toward ArgentineansImmigrants' Discourses on Their Media ImagesEcuadorians: “We Are Just the Poor and We Get Angry”Colombians: “They See Us as ‘Bad’ People and They Are Afraid of Us”Argentineans: “If We Do Not Talk, They Do Not Realize We Are Argentineans”Journalists' Discourses on the “Problem” of Latin American Immigration in SpainDiscourses on Self-Representation: Ethnic Media in Global CitiesCultural and Media Consumption in Diasporic ContextsLatino Diasporas and the Media: Notes for Further ExplorationsREFERENCES

Overview

The International Encyclopedia of Media Studies brings together over 200 critical essays to redraw the boundaries of this rapidly evolving and dynamically complex area. Global in scope, wide-ranging in its inclusion of topics, and edited by an international team of the world's best scholars, this is the definitive resource for the field.

Includes more than 200 essays written by over 230 leading and emerging scholars from across the globe

Arranged across 7 thematic volumes edited by an international team of expert scholars

Accessible volume introductions provide overviews of key themes

The most definitive resource available in this complex, heterogeneous, multi-methodological and multi-theoretical interdisciplinary field

Explores media as it is being practiced, produced, and analyzed in Asia, Africa, the Americas, Australia, and Europe

All volumes pay close attention to issues of gender and ethnicity so necessary to understanding contemporary media

Probes the many dimensions of the subject: history, production, content, audiences, effects, and futures

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The Handbook of Strategic Public Relations and Integrated Marketing Communications, Second Edition, 2nd Edition

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The International Encyclopedia of Media Studies, 7 Volume Set

by Angharad N. Valdivia, John Nerone, Kelly Gates, Sharon Mazzarella, Vicki Mayer, Erica Scharrer, Radhika Parameswaran, Fabienne Darling-Wolf

Overview

Become an O’Reilly member and get unlimited access to this title plus top books and audiobooks from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers, thousands of courses curated by job role, 150+ live events each month,
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