book

Signals and Systems

Name: Signals and Systems
Author: Oktay Alkin
ISBN: 9781498759847

by Oktay Alkin

April 2016

Intermediate to advanced

1122 pages

24h 57m

English

CRC Press

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Preliminaries
Dedication
Preface
Organization of the MaterialTo the InstructorSupplementary MaterialsAcknowledgments
Chapter 1 Signal Representation and Modeling
Chapter Objectives1.1 Introduction1.2 Mathematical Modeling of Signals1.3 Continuous-Time Signals1.3.1 Signal operationsArithmetic operationsTime shiftingTime scalingTime reversalIntegration and differentiation1.3.2 Basic building blocks for continuous-time signalsUnit-impulse functionUnit-step functionUnit-pulse functionUnit-ramp functionUnit-triangle functionSinusoidal signals1.3.3 Impulse decomposition for continuous-time signals1.3.4 Signal classificationsReal vs. complex signalsPeriodic vs. non-periodic signalsDeterministic vs. random signals1.3.5 Energy and power definitionsEnergy of a signalTime averaging operatorPower of a signalEnergy signals vs. power signalsRMS value of a signal1.3.6 Symmetry propertiesEven and odd symmetryDecomposition into even and odd componentsSymmetry properties for complex signalsDecomposition of complex signals1.3.7 Graphical representation of sinusoidal signals using phasors1.4 Discrete-Time Signals1.4.1 Signal operationsArithmetic operationsTime shiftingTime scalingTime reversal1.4.2 Basic building blocks for discrete-time signalsUnit-impulse functionUnit-step functionUnit-ramp functionSinusoidal signals1.4.3 Impulse decomposition for discrete-time signals1.4.4 Signal classificationsReal vs. complex signalsPeriodic vs. non-periodic signalsPeriodicity of discrete-time sinusoidal signalsDeterministic vs. random signals1.4.5 Energy and power definitionsEnergy of a signalTime averaging operatorPower of a signalEnergy signals vs. power signals1.4.6 Symmetry propertiesEven and odd symmetryDecomposition into even and odd componentsSymmetry properties for complex signalsDecomposition of complex signals1.5 Further ReadingMATLAB ExercisesProblemsMATLAB ProblemsMATLAB ProjectsFigure 1.1Figure 1.2Figure 1.3Figure 1.4Figure 1.5Figure 1.6Figure 1.7Figure 1.8Figure 1.9Figure 1.10Figure 1.11Figure 1.12Figure 1.13Figure 1.14Figure 1.15Figure 1.16Figure 1.17Figure 1.18Figure 1.19Figure 1.20Figure 1.21Figure 1.22Figure 1.23Figure 1.24Figure 1.25Figure 1.26Figure 1.27Figure 1.28Figure 1.29Figure 1.30Figure 1.31Figure 1.32Figure 1.33Figure 1.34Figure 1.35Figure 1.36Figure 1.37Figure 1.38Figure 1.39Figure 1.40Figure 1.41Figure 1.42Figure 1.43Figure 1.44Figure 1.45Figure 1.46Figure 1.47Figure 1.48Figure 1.49Figure 1.50Figure 1.51Figure 1.52Figure 1.53Figure 1.54Figure 1.55Figure 1.56Figure 1.57Figure 1.58Figure 1.59Figure 1.60Figure 1.61Figure 1.62Figure 1.63Figure 1.64Figure 1.65Figure 1.66Figure 1.67Figure 1.68Figure 1.69Figure 1.70Figure 1.71Figure 1.72Figure 1.73Figure 1.74Figure 1.75Figure 1.76Figure 1.77Figure 1.78Figure 1.79Figure 1.80Figure 1.81Figure 1.82Figure 1.83Figure 1.84Figure 1.85Figure 1.86Figure 1.87Figure 1.88Figure 1.89Figure 1.90Figure 1.91Figure 1.92Figure 1.93Figure P. 1.2Figure P. 1.4Figure P. 1.10Figure P. 1.12Figure P. 1.13Figure P. 1.23Figure P. 1.25Figure P. 1.33Figure P. 1.39Figure P. 1.51
Chapter 2 Analyzing Continuous-Time Systems in the Time Domain
Chapter Objectives2.1 Introduction2.2 Linearity and Time Invariance2.2.1 Linearity in continuous-time systems2.2.2 Time invariance in continuous-time systems2.2.3 CTLTI systems2.3 Differential Equations for Continuous-Time Systems2.4 Constant-Coefficient Ordinary Differential Equations2.5 Solving Differential Equations2.5.1 Solution of the first-order differential equation2.5.2 Solution of the general differential equation2.5.3 Finding the natural response of a continuous-time system2.5.4 Finding the forced response of a continuous-time system2.6 Block Diagram Representation of Continuous-Time SystemsImposing initial conditions2.7 Impulse Response and Convolution2.7.1 Finding impulse response of a CTLTI system2.7.2 Convolution operation for CTLTI systems2.8 Causality in Continuous-Time SystemsCan a non-causal system be realized?2.9 Stability in Continuous-Time SystemsWhy is stability important for a CTLTI system?2.10 Approximate Numerical Solution of a Differential Equation2.11 Further ReadingMATLAB ExercisesProblemsMATLAB ProblemsMATLAB ProjectsFigure 2.1Figure 2.2Figure 2.3Figure 2.4Figure 2.5Figure 2.6Figure 2.7Figure 2.8Figure 2.9Figure 2.10Figure 2.11Figure 2.12Figure 2.13Figure 2.14Figure 2.15Figure 2.16Figure 2.17Figure 2.18Figure 2.19Figure 2.20Figure 2.21Figure 2.22Figure 2.23Figure 2.24Figure 2.25Figure 2.26Figure 2.27Figure 2.28Figure 2.29Figure 2.30Figure 2.31Figure 2.32Figure 2.33Figure 2.34Figure 2.35Figure 2.36Figure 2.37Figure 2.38Figure 2.39Figure 2.40Figure 2.41Figure 2.42Figure 2.43Figure 2.44Figure 2.45Figure 2.46Figure 2.47Figure 2.48Figure 2.49Figure 2.50Figure 2.51Figure 2.52Figure 2.53Figure P. 2.2Figure P. 2.4Figure P. 2.5Figure P. 2.12Figure P. 2.17Figure P. 2.18Figure P. 2.19Figure P. 2.20Figure P. 2.23Figure P. 2.24Figure P. 2.30Figure P. 2.36Figure P. 2.37Table 2.1
Chapter 3 Analyzing Discrete-Time Systems in the Time Domain
Chapter Objectives3.1 Introduction3.2 Linearity and Time Invariance3.2.1 Linearity in discrete-time systems3.2.2 Time invariance in discrete-time systems3.2.3 DTLTI systems3.3 Difference Equations for Discrete-Time Systems3.4 Constant-Coefficient Linear Difference Equations3.5 Solving Difference Equations3.5.1 Finding the natural response of a discrete-time system3.5.2 Finding the forced response of a discrete-time system3.6 Block Diagram Representation of Discrete-Time SystemsImposing initial conditions3.7 Impulse Response and Convolution3.7.1 Finding impulse response of a DTLTI system3.7.2 Convolution operation for DTLTI systems3.8 Causality in Discrete-Time Systems3.9 Stability in Discrete-Time SystemsWhy is stability important for a DTLTI system?3.10 Further ReadingMATLAB ExercisesProblemsMATLAB ProblemsMATLAB ProjectsFigure 3.1Figure 3.2Figure 3.3Figure 3.4Figure 3.5Figure 3.6Figure 3.7Figure 3.8Figure 3.9Figure 3.10Figure 3.11Figure 3.12Figure 3.13Figure 3.14Figure 3.15Figure 3.16Figure 3.17Figure 3.18Figure 3.19Figure 3.20Figure 3.21Figure 3.22Figure 3.23Figure 3.24Figure 3.25Figure 3.26Figure 3.27Figure 3.28Figure 3.29Figure 3.30Figure 3.31Figure 3.32Figure 3.33Figure 3.34Figure 3.35Figure P. 3.3Figure P. 3.19Figure P. 3.20Figure P. 3.21Figure P. 3.22Figure P. 3.32Figure P. 3.35Table 3.1
Chapter 4 Fourier Analysis for Continuous-Time Signals and Systems
Chapter Objectives4.1 Introduction4.2 Analysis of Periodic Continuous-Time Signals4.2.1 Approximating a periodic signal with trigonometric functions4.2.2 Trigonometric Fourier series (TFS)4.2.3 Exponential Fourier series (EFS)Single-tone signalsThe general case4.2.4 Compact Fourier series (CFS)4.2.5 Existence of Fourier series4.2.6 Gibbs phenomenon4.2.7 Properties of Fourier seriesLinearitySymmetry of Fourier seriesFourier series for even and odd signalsTime shifting4.3 Analysis of Non-Periodic Continuous-Time Signals4.3.1 Fourier transform4.3.2 Existence of Fourier transform4.3.3 Developing further insight4.3.4 Fourier transforms of some signals4.3.5 Properties of the Fourier transformLinearityDualitySymmetry of the Fourier TransformTransforms of even and odd signalsTime shiftingFrequency shiftingModulation propertyTime and frequency scalingDifferentiation in the time domainDifferentiation in the frequency domainConvolution propertyMultiplication of two signalsIntegration4.3.6 Applying Fourier transform to periodic signals4.4 Energy and Power in the Frequency Domain4.4.1 Parseval’s theorem4.4.2 Energy and power spectral density4.4.3 AutocorrelationProperties of the autocorrelation function4.5 System Function ConceptObtaining the system function from the differential equation4.6 CTLTI Systems with Periodic Input Signals4.6.1 Response of a CTLTI system to complex exponential signal4.6.2 Response of a CTLTI system to sinusoidal signal4.6.3 Response of a CTLTI system to periodic input signal4.7 CTLTI Systems with Non-Periodic Input Signals4.8 Further ReadingMATLAB ExercisesProblemsMATLAB ProblemsMATLAB ProjectsFigure 4.1Figure 4.2Figure 4.3Figure 4.4Figure 4.5Figure 4.6Figure 4.7Figure 4.8Figure 4.9Figure 4.10Figure 4.11Figure 4.12Figure 4.13Figure 4.14Figure 4.15Figure 4.16Figure 4.17Figure 4.18Figure 4.19Figure 4.20Figure 4.21Figure 4.22Figure 4.23Figure 4.24Figure 4.25Figure 4.26Figure 4.27Figure 4.28Figure 4.29Figure 4.30Figure 4.31Figure 4.32Figure 4.33Figure 4.34Figure 4.35Figure 4.36Figure 4.37Figure 4.38Figure 4.39Figure 4.40Figure 4.41Figure 4.42Figure 4.43Figure 4.44Figure 4.45Figure 4.46Figure 4.47Figure 4.48Figure 4.49Figure 4.50Figure 4.51Figure 4.52Figure 4.53Figure 4.54Figure 4.55Figure 4.56Figure 4.57Figure 4.58Figure 4.59Figure 4.60Figure 4.61Figure 4.62Figure 4.63Figure 4.64Figure 4.65Figure 4.66Figure 4.67Figure 4.68Figure 4.69Figure 4.70Figure 4.71Figure 4.72Figure 4.73Figure 4.74Figure 4.75Figure 4.76Figure 4.77Figure 4.78Figure 4.79Figure 4.80Figure 4.81Figure 4.82Figure 4.83Figure 4.84Figure 4.85Figure 4.86Figure 4.87Figure 4.88Figure 4.89Figure 4.90Figure 4.91Figure 4.92Figure 4.93Figure 4.94Figure 4.95Figure 4.96Figure 4.97Figure 4.98Figure 4.99Figure P. 4.2Figure P. 4.5Figure P. 4.7Figure P. 4.8Figure P. 4.11Figure. P.4.14Figure P. 4.19Figure. P.4.20Figure. P.4.23Figure. P.4.31Figure. P.4.34Figure P. 4.47Figure P. 4.48Table 4.1Table 4.2Table 4.3Table 4.4Table 4.5Table 4.6
Chapter 5 Fourier Analysis for Discrete-Time Signals and Systems
Chapter Objectives5.1 Introduction5.2 Analysis of Periodic Discrete-Time Signals5.2.1 Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)Finding DTFS coefficients5.2.2 Properties of the DTFSPeriodicityLinearityTime shiftingSymmetry of DTFS coefficientsPolar form of DTFS coefficientsDTFS spectra of even and odd signalsPeriodic convolution5.3 Analysis of Non-Periodic Discrete-Time Signals5.3.1 Discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT)5.3.2 Developing further insight5.3.3 Existence of the DTFT5.3.4 DTFT of some signals5.3.5 Properties of the DTFTPeriodicityLinearityTime shiftingTime reversalConjugation propertySymmetry of the DTFTCartesian and polar forms of the transformTransforms of even and odd signalsFrequency shiftingModulation propertyDifferentiation in the frequency domainConvolution propertyMultiplication of two signals5.3.6 Applying DTFT to periodic signals5.4 Energy and Power in the Frequency Domain5.4.1 Parseval’s theorem5.4.2 Energy and power spectral densityEnergy or power in a frequency range5.4.3 AutocorrelationProperties of the autocorrelation function5.5 System Function ConceptObtaining the system function from the difference equation5.6 DTLTI Systems with Periodic Input Signals5.6.1 Response of a DTLTI system to complex exponential signal5.6.2 Response of a DTLTI system to sinusoidal signal5.6.3 Response of a DTLTI system to periodic input signal5.7 DTLTI Systems with Non-Periodic Input Signals5.8 Discrete Fourier Transform5.8.1 Relationship of the DFT to the DTFT5.8.2 Zero padding5.8.3 Properties of the DFTLinearityTime shiftingTime reversalConjugation propertySymmetry of the DFTFrequency shiftingCircular convolution5.8.4 Using the DFT to approximate the EFS coefficients5.8.5 Using the DFT to approximate the continuous Fourier transform5.9 Further ReadingMATLAB ExercisesProblemsMATLAB ProblemsMATLAB ProjectsFigure 5.1Figure 5.2Figure 5.3Figure 5.4Figure 5.5Figure 5.6Figure 5.7Figure 5.8Figure 5.9Figure 5.10Figure 5.11Figure 5.12Figure 5.13Figure 5.14Figure 5.15Figure 5.16Figure 5.17Figure 5.18Figure 5.19Figure 5.20Figure 5.21Figure 5.22Figure 5.23Figure 5.24Figure 5.25Figure 5.26Figure 5.27Figure 5.28Figure 5.29Figure 5.30Figure 5.31Figure 5.32Figure 5.33Figure 5.34Figure 5.35Figure 5.36Figure 5.37Figure 5.38Figure 5.39Figure 5.40Figure 5.41Figure 5.42Figure 5.43Figure 5.44Figure 5.45Figure 5.46Figure 5.47Figure 5.48Figure 5.49Figure 5.50Figure 5.51Figure 5.52Figure 5.53Figure 5.54Figure 5.55Figure 5.56Figure 5.57Figure P.5.3Figure P.5.4Figure P.5.8Figure P.5.9Figure P.5.37Figure P.5.45Table 5.1Table 5.2Table 5.3Table 5.4Table 5.5Table 5.6
Chapter 6 Sampling and Reconstruction
Chapter Objectives6.1 Introduction6.2 Sampling of a Continuous-Time Signal6.2.1 Nyquist sampling criterion6.2.2 DTFT of sampled signal6.2.3 Sampling of sinusoidal signals6.2.4 Practical issues in samplingNatural samplingZero-order hold sampling6.3 Reconstruction of a Signal from Its Sampled Version6.4 Resampling Discrete-Time Signals6.4.1 Reducing the sampling rate by an integer factor6.4.2 Increasing the sampling rate by an integer factor6.5 Further ReadingMATLAB ExercisesProblemsMATLAB ProblemsMATLAB ProjectsFigure 6.1Figure 6.2Figure 6.3Figure 6.4Figure 6.5Figure 6.6Figure 6.7Figure 6.8Figure 6.9Figure 6.10Figure 6.11Figure 6.12Figure 6.13Figure 6.14Figure 6.15Figure 6.16Figure 6.17Figure 6.18Figure 6.19Figure 6.20Figure 6.21Figure 6.22Figure 6.23Figure 6.24Figure 6.25Figure 6.26Figure 6.27Figure 6.28Figure 6.29Figure 6.30Figure 6.31Figure 6.32Figure 6.33Figure 6.34Figure 6.35Figure 6.36Figure 6.37Figure 6.38Figure 6.39Figure 6.40Figure 6.41Figure 6.42Figure 6.43Figure 6.44Figure 6.45Figure 6.46Figure 6.47Figure 6.48Figure 6.49Figure 6.50Figure 6.51Figure 6.52Figure 6.53Figure 6.54Figure 6.55Figure 6.56Figure 6.57Figure P. 6.1Figure P. 6.2Figure P. 6.14Figure P. 6.15Figure P. 6.19Table 6.1
Chapter 7 Laplace Transform for Continuous-Time Signals and Systems
Chapter Objectives7.1 Introduction7.2 Characteristics of the Region of Convergence7.3 Properties of the Laplace Transform7.3.1 Linearity7.3.2 Time shifting7.3.3 Shifting in the s-domain7.3.4 Scaling in time and s-domain7.3.5 Differentiation in the time domain7.3.6 Differentiation in the s-domain7.3.7 Convolution property7.3.8 Integration property7.4 Inverse Laplace Transform7.4.1 Partial fraction expansion with simple poles7.4.2 Partial fraction expansion with multiple poles7.5 Using the Laplace Transform with CTLTI Systems7.5.1 Relating the system function to the differential equationSystem function, linearity, and initial conditionsCharacteristic polynomial vs. the denominator of the system function7.5.2 Response of a CTLTI system to a complex exponential signal7.5.3 Response of a CTLTI system to an exponentially damped sinusoid7.5.4 Pole-zero plot for a system function7.5.5 Graphical interpretation of the pole-zero plot7.5.6 System function and causality7.5.7 System function and stability7.5.8 Allpass systems7.5.9 Inverse systems7.5.10 Bode plotsZero at the originPole at the originSingle real zeroSingle real poleConjugate pair of polesAnalysis of the second-order system7.6. Simulation Structures for CTLTI Systems7.6.1 Direct-form implementation7.6.2 Cascade and parallel forms7.7 Unilateral Laplace Transform7.7.1 Time shifting7.7.2 Differentiation in time7.7.3 Initial and final value theorems7.5 Further ReadingMATLAB ExercisesProblemsMATLAB ProblemsMATLAB ProjectsFigure 7.1Figure 7.2Figure 7.3Figure 7.4Figure 7.5Figure 7.6Figure 7.7Figure 7.8Figure 7.9Figure 7.10Figure 7.11Figure 7.12Figure 7.13Figure 7.14Figure 7.15Figure 7.16Figure 7.17Figure 7.18Figure 7.19Figure 7.20Figure 7.21Figure 7.22Figure 7.23Figure 7.24Figure 7.25Figure 7.26Figure 7.27Figure 7.28Figure 7.29Figure 7.30Figure 7.31Figure 7.32Figure 7.33Figure 7.34Figure 7.35Figure 7.36Figure 7.37Figure 7.38Figure 7.39Figure 7.40Figure 7.41Figure 7.42Figure 7.43Figure 7.44Figure 7.45Figure 7.46Figure 7.47Figure 7.48Figure 7.49Figure 7.50Figure 7.51Figure 7.52Figure 7.53Figure 7.54Figure 7.55Figure 7.56Figure 7.57Figure 7.58Figure 7.59Figure 7.60Figure 7.61Figure 7.62Figure 7.63Figure 7.64Figure 7.65Figure 7.66Figure 7.67Figure 7.68Figure 7.69Figure 7.70Figure 7.71Figure 7.72Figure 7.73Figure 7.74Figure 7.75Figure 7.76Figure 7.77Figure 7.78Figure 7.79Figure 7.80Figure P. 7.3Figure P. 7.13Figure P. 7.14Figure P. 7.15Figure P. 7.34Figure P. 7.48Figure P. 7.49

Chapter 8 z-Transform for Discrete-Time Signals and Systems
Chapter Objectives8.1 Introduction8.2 Characteristics of the Region of Convergence8.3 Properties of the z-Transform8.3.1 Linearity8.3.2 Time shifting8.3.3 Time reversal8.3.4 Multiplication by an exponential signal8.3.5 Differentiation in the z-domain8.3.6 Convolution property8.3.7 Initial value8.3.8 Correlation property8.3.9 Summation property8.4 Inverse z-Transform8.4.1 Inversion integral8.4.2 Partial fraction expansion8.4.3 Long division8.5 Using the z-Transform with DTLTI Systems8.5.1 Relating the system function to the difference equation8.5.2 Response of a DTLTI system to complex exponential signal8.5.3 Response of a DTLTI system to exponentially damped sinusoid8.5.4 Graphical interpretation of the pole-zero plot8.5.5 System function and causality8.5.6 System function and stability8.5.7 Allpass systems8.5.8 Inverse systems8.6 Implementation Structures for DTLTI Systems8.6.1 Direct-form implementations8.6.2 Cascade and parallel forms8.7 Unilateral z-Transform8.8 Further ReadingMATLAB ExercisesProblemsMATLAB ProblemsMATLAB ProjectFigure 8.1Figure 8.2Figure 8.3Figure 8.4Figure 8.5Figure 8.6Figure 8.7Figure 8.8Figure 8.9Figure 8.10Figure 8.11Figure 8.12Figure 8.13Figure 8.14Figure 8.15Figure 8.16Figure 8.17Figure 8.18Figure 8.19Figure 8.20Figure 8.21Figure 8.22Figure 8.23Figure 8.24Figure 8.25Figure 8.26Figure 8.27Figure 8.28Figure 8.29Figure 8.30Figure 8.31Figure 8.32Figure 8.33Figure 8.34Figure 8.35Figure 8.36Figure 8.37Figure 8.38Figure 8.39Figure 8.40Figure 8.41Figure 8.42Figure 8.43Figure 8.44Figure 8.45Figure 8.46Figure 8.47Figure 8.48Figure 8.49Figure 8.50Figure 8.51Figure 8.52Figure 8.53Figure 8.54Figure 8.55Figure 8.56Figure 8.57Figure 8.58Figure 8.59Figure 8.60Figure 8.61Figure P. 8.3Figure P. 8.33Figure P. 8.56
Chapter 9 State-Space Analysis of Systems
Chapter Objectives9.1 Introduction9.2 State-Space Modeling of Continuous-Time Systems9.2.1 State-space models for CTLTI systems9.2.2 Obtaining state-space model from physical description9.2.3 Obtaining state-space model from differential equation9.2.4 Obtaining state-space model from system function9.2.5 Alternative state-space models9.2.6 CTLTI systems with multiple inputs and/or outputs9.2.7 Solution of state-space model9.2.8 Computation of the state transition matrix9.2.9 Obtaining system function from state-space model9.3 State-Space Modeling of Discrete-Time Systems9.3.1 State-space models for DTLTI systems9.3.2 Obtaining state-space model from difference equation9.3.3 Obtaining state-space model from system function9.3.4 Solution of state-space model9.3.5 Obtaining system function from state-space model9.4 Discretization of Continuous-Time State-Space Model9.5 Further ReadingMATLAB ExercisesProblemsMATLAB ProblemsFigure 9.1Figure 9.2Figure 9.3Figure 9.4Figure 9.5Figure 9.6Figure 9.7Figure 9.8Figure 9.9Figure 9.10Figure 9.11Figure 9.12Figure 9.13Figure 9.14Figure 9.15Figure 9.16Figure 9.17Figure 9.18Figure P. 9.3Figure P. 9.4
Chapter 10 Analysis and Design of Filters
Chapter Objectives10.1 Introduction10.2 Distortionless Transmission10.3 Ideal Filters10.4 Design of Analog Filters10.4.1 Butterworth lowpass filtersObtaining N and ωc for the Butterworth lowpass filter10.4.2 Chebyshev lowpass filtersChebyshev polynomialsPoles for the Chebyshev lowpass filterObtaining N and ε for the Chebyshev lowpass filter10.4.3 Inverse Chebyshev lowpass filtersPoles and zeros of the inverse Chebyshev filterObtaining N and ε for the inverse Chebyshev lowpass filter10.4.4 Analog filter transformationsLowpass to highpass transformationLowpass to bandpass transformationLowpass to band-reject transformation10.5 Design of Digital Filters10.5.1 Design of IIR filtersAnalog to discrete-time conversionImpulse invarianceBilinear transformationObtaining analog prototype specifications10.5.2 Design of FIR filtersConditions for linear phaseFourier series design of FIR filtersFilter types other than lowpassParks-McClellan technique for FIR filter design10.6 Further ReadingMATLAB ExercisesProblemsMATLAB ProblemsMATLAB ProjectsFigure 10.1Figure 10.2Figure 10.3Figure 10.4Figure 10.5Figure 10.6Figure 10.7Figure 10.8Figure 10.9Figure 10.10Figure 10.11Figure 10.12Figure 10.13Figure 10.14Figure 10.15Figure 10.16Figure 10.17Figure 10.18Figure 10.19Figure 10.20Figure 10.21Figure 10.22Figure 10.23Figure 10.24Figure 10.25Figure 10.26Figure 10.27Figure 10.28Figure 10.29Figure 10.30Figure 10.31Figure 10.32Figure 10.33Figure 10.34Figure 10.35Figure 10.36Figure 10.37Figure 10.38Figure 10.39Figure 10.40Figure 10.41Figure 10.42Figure 10.43Figure 10.44Figure 10.45Figure 10.46Figure 10.47Figure 10.48Figure 10.49Figure 10.50Figure 10.51Figure 10.52Figure 10.53Figure 10.54Figure 10.55Figure P. 10.3Figure P. 10.4Figure P. 10.19Figure P. 10.32Figure P. 10.37
Chapter 11 Amplitude Modulation
Chapter Objectives11.1 Introduction11.2 The Need for Modulation11.3 Types of Modulation11.4 Amplitude Modulation11.4.1 Frequency spectrum of the AM signal11.4.2 Power balance and modulation efficiency11.4.3 Generation of AM signalsSwitching modulatorSquare-law modulator11.4.4 Demodulation of AM signalsEnvelope detectorCoherent demodulation11.5 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier Modulation11.5.1 Frequency spectrum of the DSB-SC signal11.6 Single-Sideband Modulation11.7 Further ReadingMATLAB ExercisesProblemsMATLAB ProblemsMATLAB ProjectsFigure 11.1Figure 11.2Figure 11.3Figure 11.4Figure 11.5Figure 11.6Figure 11.7Figure 11.8Figure 11.9Figure 11.10Figure 11.11Figure 11.12Figure 11.13Figure 11.14Figure 11.15Figure 11.16Figure 11.17Figure 11.18Figure 11.19Figure 11.20Figure 11.21Figure 11.22Figure 11.23Figure 11.24Figure 11.25Figure 11.26Figure 11.27Figure 11.28Figure 11.29Figure 11.30Figure 11.31Figure 11.32Figure 11.33Figure 11.34Figure 11.35Figure 11.36Figure 11.37Figure 11.38Figure 11.39Figure 11.40Figure P. 11.7Figure P. 11.9Figure P. 11.12Figure P. 11.15Figure P. 11.16Figure P. 11.21Table 11.1
Appendix A Complex Numbers and Euler’s Formula
A.1 IntroductionA.2 Arithmetic with Complex NumbersA.2.1 Addition and subtractionA.2.2 Multiplication and divisionA.3 Euler’s FormulaFigure A.1Figure A.2Figure A.3
Appendix B Mathematical Relations
B.1 Trigonometric IdentitiesB.2 Indefinite IntegralsB.3 Laplace Transform PairsB.4 z-Transform Pairs
Appendix C Closed Forms for Sums of Geometric Series
C.1 Infinite-Length Geometric SeriesC.2 Finite-Length Geometric SeriesC.3 Finite-Length Geometric Series (Alternative Form)
Appendix D Orthogonality of Basis Functions
D.1 Orthogonality for Trigonometric Fourier SeriesD.2 Orthogonality for Exponential Fourier SeriesD.3 Orthogonality for Discrete-Time Fourier Series
Appendix E Partial Fraction Expansion
E.1 Partial Fraction Expansion for Continuous-Time Signals and SystemsE.2 Partial Fraction Expansion for Discrete-Time Signals and Systems
Appendix F Review of Matrix Algebra
MatrixVectorSquare matrixDiagonal matrixIdentity matrixEquality of two matricesTrace of a square matrixTranspose of a matrixDeterminant of a square matrixMinors of a square square matrixCofactors of a square square matrixAdjoint of a square square matrixScaling a matrixAddition of two matricesScalar product of two vectorsMultiplication of two matricesInversion of a matrixEigenvalues and eigenvectors

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This text employs MATLAB both computationally and pedagogically to provide interactive visual reinforcement of the fundamentals, including the characteristics of signals, operations used on signals, time and frequency domain analyses of systems, continuous-time and discrete-time signals and systems, and more. The book includes hands-on MATLAB modules linked to specific segments of the text to ensure seamless integration between learning and doing. A solutions manual, MATLAB code, figures, presentation slides, and other ancillary materials are available on an author-supported website or with qualifying course adoption.

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