Localization
Localization is the process of determining the exact position of the vehicle on the map. Why is this important? Companies such as HERE (https://www.here.com/) specialize in creating extremely accurate road maps, where the entire area of the road surface is known to within a few centimeters. These maps could also include information about static objects of interest, such as lane markings, traffic signs, traffic lights, speed restrictions, zebra crossings, speed bumps, and so on. Therefore, if we know the exact position of the vehicle on the road, it won't be hard to calculate the optimal trajectory.
One obvious solution is to use GPS; however, GPS can be accurate to within 1-2 meters under perfect conditions. In areas with high-rise ...
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