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Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems, 5th Edition

Name: Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems, 5th Edition
Author: Tom Denton
ISBN: 9781317931287

by Tom Denton

September 2017

Intermediate to advanced

700 pages

28h 19m

English

Routledge

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Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents (1/4)
Contents (2/4)
Contents (3/4)
Contents (4/4)
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 Electrical and electronic principles
1.1 Safe working practices1.1.1 Introduction1.1.2 Risk assessment and reduction1.2 Basic electrical principles1.2.1 Introduction

1.2.2 Electron flow and conventional flow
1.2.3 Effects of current flow
1.2.4 Fundamental quantities
1.2.5 Describing electrical circuits
1.2.6 Conductors, insulators and semiconductors
1.2.7 Factors affecting the resistance of a conductor1.2.8 Resistors and circuit networks
1.2.9 Magnetism and electromagnetism
1.2.10 Electromagnetic induction
1.2.11 Mutual induction1.2.12 Definitions and laws
1.3 Electronic components and circuits
1.3.1 Introduction1.3.2 Components
1.3.3 Integrated circuits
1.3.4 Amplifiers
1.3.5 Bridge circuits
1.3.6 Schmitt trigger
1.3.7 Timers
1.3.8 Filters
1.3.9 Darlington pair
1.3.10 Stepper motor driver
1.3.11 Digital-to-analogue conversion
1.3.12 Analogue-to-digital conversion
1.4 Digital electronics
1.4.1 Introduction to digital circuits1.4.2 Logic gates
1.4.3 Combinational logic
1.4.4 Sequential logic
1.4.5 Timers and counters
1.4.6 Memory circuits
1.4.7 Clock or astable circuits
1.5 Microprocessor systems1.5.1 Introduction1.5.2 Ports
1.5.3 Central processing unit (CPU)
1.5.4 Memory1.5.5 Buses
1.5.6 Fetch–execute sequence
1.5.7 A typical microprocessor
1.5.8 Microcontrollers
1.5.9 Testing microcontroller systems
1.5.10 Programming
1.6 Measurement
1.6.1 What is measurement?
1.6.2 A measurement system
1.6.3 Sources of error in measurement
1.7 Sensors
1.7.1 Thermistors
1.7.2 Thermocouples
1.7.3 Inductive sensors
1.7.4 Hall Effect
1.7.5 Strain gauges
1.7.6 Variable capacitance
1.7.7 Variable resistance
1.7.8 Accelerometer (knock sensors)
1.7.9 Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT)
1.7.10 Hot wire air flow sensor
1.7.11 Thin film air flow sensor
1.7.12 Vortex flow sensor
1.7.13 Pitot tube
1.7.14 Turbine fluid flow sensor
1.7.15 Optical sensors
1.7.16 Oxygen sensors
1.7.17 Light sensors
1.7.18 Thick-film air temperature sensor
1.7.19 Methanol sensor1.7.20 Rain sensor
1.7.21 Oil sensor
1.7.22 Dynamic vehicle position sensors
1.7.23 Summary
1.8 Actuators
1.8.1 Introduction1.8.2 Solenoid actuators
1.8.3 EGR valve
1.8.4 Motorized actuators
1.8.5 Stepper motors
1.8.6 Synchronous motors
1.8.7 Thermal actuators1.9 Testing electronic components, sensors and actuators1.9.1 Introduction
1.9.2 Testing sensors
1.9.3 Testing actuators
1.10 Updates
1.10.1 Sensors overview and developments
Chapter 2 Tools and equipment
2.1 Basic equipment2.1.1 Introduction2.1.2 Basic hand tools2.1.3 Accuracy of test equipment
2.1.4 Multimeters
2.1.5 Logic probe
2.2 Oscilloscopes
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Waveforms
2.3 Scanners/fault code readers and analysers
2.3.1 On-board diagnostics introduction2.3.2 Serial port communications
2.3.3 OBD2 signal protocols
2.3.4 Entry level scanners
2.3.5 Bosch KTS diagnostic equipment
2.3.6 Engine analysers
2.4 Emission testing
2.4.1 Introduction2.4.2 Exhaust gas measurement
2.4.3 Exhaust analyser
2.4.4 Emission limits
2.5 Pressure testing2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Automotive pressure oscilloscope transducer
2.5.3 Breakout boxes
2.6 Diagnostic procedures2.6.1 Introduction2.6.2 The ‘theory’ of diagnostics
2.7 Pass-through technology
2.7.1 Introduction
2.7.2 J2534
2.7.3 Hardware and software requirements
2.7.4 Legislation
2.7.5 OEM software and data links
Chapter 3 Electrical systems and circuits
3.1 The systems approach3.1.1 What is a system?
3.1.2 Vehicle systems
3.1.3 Open loop systems
3.1.4 Closed loop systems
3.1.5 Summary3.2 Electrical wiring, terminals and switching3.2.1 Cables
3.2.2 Colour codes and terminal designations
3.2.3 Harness design
3.2.4 Printed circuits
3.2.5 Fuses and circuit breakers
3.2.6 Terminations
3.2.7 Switches
3.3 Multiplexing
3.3.1 Limits of the conventional wiring system
3.3.2 Multiplex data bus
3.3.3 Overview
3.3.4 Controller Area Network (CAN)
3.3.5 CAN data signal
3.3.6 Local Interconnect Network (LIN)
3.3.7 FlexRay
3.4 Media oriented systems transport (MOST)
3.4.1 Introduction3.4.2 MOST network
3.4.3 Protocol
3.4.4 MOST applications
3.4.5 Consumer device gateway
3.4.6 Summary
3.5 Automotive Ethernet
3.5.1 Introduction3.5.2 Overview3.6 Circuit diagrams and symbols3.6.1 Symbols
3.6.2 Conventional circuit diagrams
3.6.3 Layout or wiring diagrams3.6.4 Terminal diagrams3.6.5 Current flow diagrams3.7 Electromagnetic compatibility3.7.1 Introduction3.7.2 EMC problems
3.8 Central electrical control
3.8.1 Overview
3.8.2 Ford generic electronic module (GEM)
3.8.3 Communication between modules
3.8.4 Summary
3.9 Connected cars
3.9.1 Introduction3.9.2 Smart cars and traffic systems
3.9.3 Wi-Fi cars
3.9.4 Bluetooth
3.9.5 Applications (apps)
3.9.6 Vision enhancement
3.9.7 Self-help
3.9.8 Big brother
3.9.9 When computers go wrong
3.9.10 Summary
3.10 Updates3.10.1 Multiplexing
3.10.2 Bluetooth to displace cables?
3.10.3 Update on 48V technology
Chapter 4 Batteries
4.1 Vehicle batteries4.1.1 Requirements of the vehicle battery4.1.2 Choosing the correct battery
4.1.3 Positioning the vehicle battery
4.2 Lead-acid batteries
4.2.1 Construction
4.2.2 Battery rating
4.3 Maintenance, charging and testing batteries
4.3.1 Maintenance4.3.2 Charging the lead-acid battery
4.3.3 Servicing batteries
4.3.4 Battery faults4.3.5 Testing batteries
4.3.6 Safety
4.4 Advanced battery technology4.4.1 Electrochemistry
4.4.2 Electrolytic conduction
4.4.3 Ohm’s law and electrolytic resistance
4.4.4 Electrochemical action of the lead-acid battery
4.4.5 Characteristics
4.4.6 Peukert’s Law
4.5 Developments in electrical storage4.5.1 Lead-acid
4.5.2 Alkaline
4.5.3 ZEBRA
4.5.4 Sodium sulphur4.5.5 Swing
4.5.6 Fuel cells
4.5.7 Super-capacitors
4.5.8 Summary
4.6 Updates
4.6.1 Micro batteries research
4.6.2 Lead-acid batteries update
4.6.3 Battery diagnostics
Chapter 5 Charging
5.1 Requirements of the charging system5.1.1 Introduction5.1.2 Basic operating principles
5.1.3 Vehicle electrical loads
5.2 Charging system principles
5.2.1 Basic principles5.2.2 Charging voltages
5.2.3 Charging circuits
5.2.4 Generation of electricity
5.2.5 Rectification of AC to DC
5.2.6 Regulation of output voltage
5.3 Alternators
5.3.1 Bosch compact alternator
5.3.2 Efficient alternators
5.3.3 Water-cooled alternators
5.3.4 Denso high-output alternators
5.3.5 Charging system testing procedure
5.4 Smart charging
5.4.1 Introduction and closed loop regulation
5.4.2 Open loop regulation
5.4.3 Engine performance
5.4.4 Fault conditions
5.4.5 Summary5.5 Advanced charging system technology5.5.1 Charging system – problems and solutions
5.5.2 Charge balance calculation
5.5.3 Alternator characteristics
5.5.4 Mechanical and external considerations
5.6 Updates
5.6.1 Alternator developments
Chapter 6 Starting
6.1 Requirements of the starting system6.1.1 Engine starting requirements
6.1.2 Starting system design
6.1.3 Choosing a starter motor
6.2 Starter motors and circuits
6.2.1 Starting system circuits6.2.2 Example circuits
6.2.3 Starter circuit testing
6.2.4 Principle of operation
6.2.5 DC motor characteristics
6.3 Types of starter motor
6.3.1 Inertia starters
6.3.2 Pre-engaged starters
6.3.3 Permanent magnet starters
6.3.4 Integrated starters
6.3.5 Electronic starter control6.3.6 Starter installation
6.3.7 Belt-driven starter-generator
6.3.8 Summary
6.4 Advanced starting system technology6.4.1 Speed, torque and power
6.4.2 Efficiency
6.5 Updates
6.5.1 Electronic starter motor control and stop-start system
6.5.2 Jump start without a battery
Chapter 7 Ignition
7.1 Ignition system fundamentals7.1.1 Functional requirements
7.1.2 Generation of high tension
7.1.3 Advance angle (timing)
7.1.4 Fuel consumption and exhaust emissions
7.1.5 Contact breaker ignition
7.1.6 Plug leads
7.1.7 Ignition coil cores
7.2 Electronic ignition7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.2 Constant dwell systems
7.2.3 Constant energy systems7.2.4 Hall Effect pulse generator
7.2.5 Inductive pulse generator
7.2.6 Other pulse generators
7.2.7 Dwell angle control (open loop)
7.2.8 Current limiting and closed loop dwell
7.2.9 Capacitor discharge ignition
7.3 Electronic spark advance
7.3.1 Overview
7.3.2 Sensors and input information
7.3.3 Electronic control unit
7.4 Distributorless ignition
7.4.1 Principle of operation
7.4.2 System components
7.5 Coil on plug (COP) ignition7.5.1 General description
7.5.2 Control of ignition
7.6 Spark plugs7.6.1 Functional requirements
7.6.2 Construction
7.6.3 Heat range
7.6.4 Electrode materials
7.6.5 Electrode gap
7.6.6 V-grooved spark plug
7.6.7 Choosing the correct plug
7.6.8 Spark plugs development
7.7 Summary7.7.1 Overview
7.7.2 Testing procedure
7.8 Advanced ignition technology
7.8.1 Ignition coil performance
7.9 Updates
7.9.1 Spark plug electrode designs
Chapter 8 Fuel control
8.1 Combustion8.1.1 Introduction8.1.2 Spark ignition engine combustion process
8.1.3 Range and rate of burning
8.1.4 Detonation
8.1.5 Pre-ignition
8.1.6 Combustion chamber
8.1.7 Stratification of cylinder charge
8.1.8 Mixture strength and performance
8.1.9 Compression ignition (CI) engines
8.1.10 Combustion chamber design – diesel engine
8.1.11 Summary of combustion
8.2 Engine fuelling and exhaust emissions
8.2.1 Operating conditions8.2.2 Exhaust emissions
8.2.3 Other sources of emissions
8.2.4 Leaded and unleaded fuel
8.3 Emissions and driving cycles
8.3.1 Exhaust emission regulations
8.3.2 Test cycles
8.4 Fuel injection
8.4.1 Advantages of fuel injection8.4.2 System overview
8.4.3 Components of a fuel injection system
8.4.4 Bosch ‘L’ Jetronic – Variations
8.4.5 Bosch Mono Jetronic – single point injection
8.4.6 Sequential multipoint injection
8.4.7 Lean burn technology
8.4.8 Double fuel injectors
8.5 Diesel fuel injection
8.5.1 Introduction
8.5.2 Injection overview
8.5.3 Diesel exhaust emissions
8.5.4 Electronic control of diesel injection
8.5.5 Rotary Pump System
8.5.6 Common rail system
8.5.7 Electronic unit injection (EUI) – diesel fuel
8.5.8 Diesel lambda sensor
8.6 Summary
8.6.1 Overview8.6.2 Diagnosing fuel control systems
8.7 Advanced fuel control technology
8.7.1 Air–fuel ratio calculations
8.8 Updates
8.8.1 Under Pressure…
8.8.2 Euro 6 overview
Chapter 9 Engine management
9.1 Combined ignition and fuel introduction9.1.1 Introduction
9.1.2 Variable inlet tract
9.1.3 Combustion flame and pressure sensing
9.1.4 Wide range lambda sensors
9.1.5 Injectors with air shrouding9.2 Exhaust emission control9.2.1 Engine design9.2.2 Combustion chamber design
9.2.3 Compression ratio
9.2.4 Valve timing9.2.5 Manifold designs9.2.6 Charge stratification
9.2.7 Warm up time
9.2.8 Exhaust gas recirculation
9.2.9 Ignition system
9.2.10 Thermal after-burning9.2.11 Catalytic converters
9.2.12 Closed loop lambda control
9.3 Engine management systems
9.3.1 Motronic M3
9.3.2 DI-Motronic
9.3.3 ME-Motronic principles
9.4 Other aspects of engine management
9.4.1 Introduction9.4.2 Variable valve timing
9.4.3 Lean burn engines
9.4.4 Two-stroke engines
9.4.5 Combustion control system
9.4.6 Active cooling
9.4.7 Engine trends – spark ignition
9.4.8 Transonic combustion
9.4.9 Diagnosing engine management systems
9.5 Advanced engine management technology
9.5.1 Speed density and fuel calculations
9.5.2 Ignition timing calculation
9.5.3 Dwell calculation
9.5.4 Injection duration calculation
9.5.5 Developing and testing software
9.5.6 Artificial Intelligence
9.5.7 Neural computing
9.6 Updates
9.6.1 Gasoline direct injection electronic control technology
9.6.2 Common rail diesels - intelligent injectors
9.6.3 eSupercharger
9.6.4 GPS data for powertrains, apps, other systems
9.6.5 V6 diesel with electric turbocharging
9.6.6 Water injection
9.6.7 Cylinder deactivation
9.6.8 Dynamic skip fire
9.6.9 Diesel particulate filters
9.6.10 Miller cycle
9.6.11 Cooled EGR
9.6.12 Nissan variable compression (VC) engine
Chapter 10 Lighting
10.1 Lighting fundamentals10.1.1 Introduction10.1.2 Bulbs
10.1.3 External lights
10.1.4 Headlight reflectors
10.1.5 Complex shape reflectors
10.1.6 Headlight lenses
10.1.7 Headlight levelling
10.1.8 Headlight beam setting
10.2 Lighting circuits
10.2.1 Basic lighting circuit10.2.2 Dim-dip circuit
10.2.3 General lighting circuit
10.2.4 Flow diagram lighting circuit
10.2.5 Central lighting control circuit10.2.6 Testing procedure
10.3 Gas discharge, LED and infrared lighting
10.3.1 Gas discharge lamps
10.3.2 Xenon lighting
10.3.3 Ultraviolet headlights
10.3.4 LED lighting
10.3.5 Infrared lights
10.4 Other lighting techniques
10.4.1 Mono-colour signal lamps10.4.2 Linear lighting10.4.3 Neon technology
10.4.4 Bending Light
10.4.5 Intelligent front lighting
10.5 Advanced lighting technology
10.5.1 Lighting terms and definitions
10.5.2 Single light-source lighting
10.6 Updates
10.6.1 BMW laser headlamps
Chapter 11 Auxiliaries
11.1 Windscreen washers and wipers11.1.1 Functional requirements
11.1.2 Wiper blades
11.1.3 Wiper linkages
11.1.4 Wiper motors
11.1.5 Windscreen washers
11.1.6 Washer and wiper circuits
11.1.7 Electronic control of windscreen wipers
11.1.8 Synchronized wipers
11.1.9 Wiper blade pressure control
11.1.10 Linear wiper systems
11.2 Signalling circuits
11.2.1 Introduction11.2.2 Flasher units
11.2.3 Brake lights
11.2.4 Indicators and hazard circuit
11.3 Other auxiliary systems
11.3.1 Electric horns
11.3.2 Engine cooling fan motors
11.3.3 Headlight wipers and washers
11.3.4 Other circuits
11.3.5 Diagnosing auxiliary system faults
11.4 Advanced auxiliary systems technology11.4.1 Wiper motor torque calculations
11.4.2 PM Motor – electronic speed control
Chapter 12 Instrumentation
12.1 Gauges and sensors12.1.1 Introduction
12.1.2 Sensors
12.1.3 Thermal-type gauges
12.1.4 Moving iron gauges
12.1.5 Air-cored gauges
12.1.6 Other types of gauges
12.1.7 A digital instrumentation system
12.2 Visual displays
12.2.1 Choosing the best display – readability
12.2.2 Light-emitting diode displays
12.2.3 Liquid crystal displays
12.2.4 Vacuum fluorescent displays
12.2.5 Head-up displays
12.2.6 Electroluminescent instrument lighting
12.2.7 Display techniques summary
12.2.8 Instrumentation system faults
12.3 Global Positioning System (GPS)
12.3.1 Introduction
12.3.2 Calculating position
12.3.3 Sensors
12.3.4 Data input and output12.3.5 Accuracy
12.4 Driver information
12.4.1 Vehicle condition monitoring
12.4.2 Trip computer
12.5 Advanced instrumentation technology
12.5.1 Multiplexed displays
12.5.2 Quantization
12.5.3 Holography12.5.4 Telematics
12.6 Updates
12.6.1 Touch screen with haptic feedback
12.6.2 Navigation and the new NDS data standard
12.6.3 Laser head-up displays (HUDs)
Chapter 13 Heating ventilation and air conditioning
13.1 Conventional heating and ventilation13.1.1 Introduction
13.1.2 Ventilation
13.1.3 Heating system – water-cooled engine
13.1.4 Heater blower motors13.1.5 Electronic heating control
13.2 Air conditioning
13.2.1 Introduction
13.2.2 Principle of refrigeration
13.2.3 Air conditioning overview
13.2.4 Air conditioning system and components (1/2)
13.2.4 Air conditioning system and components (2/2)
13.2.5 Automatic temperature control
13.2.6 Electrically driven air conditioning
13.3 Other heating systems
13.3.1 Seat heating
13.3.2 Screen heating
13.3.3 Heating development
13.3.4 Air conditioning system faults
13.4 Advanced temperature control technology
13.4.1 Heat transfer
13.4.2 Types of heat and temperature
13.4.3 Armature reaction
13.4.4 Refrigerant developments
13.5 Updates
13.5.1 Heat pumps
13.5.2 AC research
Chapter 14 Chassis electrical
14.1 Anti-lock brakes14.1.1 Introduction14.1.2 Requirements of ABS
14.1.3 General system description
14.1.4 Components
14.1.5 Anti-lock brake system control
14.1.6 Control strategy
14.1.7 Honda anti-lock brakes
14.2 Traction and stability control
14.2.1 Introduction
14.2.2 Control functions
14.2.3 System operation
14.2.4 Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
14.3 Active suspension
14.3.1 Overview
14.3.2 Sensors and actuators
14.3.3 Delphi MagneRide
14.4 Automatic transmission
14.4.1 Introduction14.4.2 Control of gear shift and torque converter
14.4.3 Tiptronic
14.4.4 Summary
14.5 Other chassis electrical systems14.5.1 Electric power steering
14.5.2 Robotized manual transmission
14.5.3 Active roll reduction
14.5.4 Electronic limited slip differential
14.5.5 Brake assist systems
14.5.6 X-by-wire
14.5.7 Diagnosing chassis electrical system faults
14.6 Advanced chassis systems technology
14.6.1 Road surface and tyre friction
14.6.2 ABS control cycles
14.6.3 Traction control calculations
14.7 Updates
14.7.1 Tyre pressure monitoring
14.7.2 Antilock braking system (ABS) update
14.7.3 Electronic parking brake
14.7.4 Predictive active ride control
14.7.5 Electronic clutch
14.7.6 Active driveline
14.7.7 Transmission control and GPS
Chapter 15 Comfort and safety
15.1 Seats, mirrors and sun-roofs15.1.1 Introduction
15.1.2 Electric seat adjustment
15.1.3 Electric mirrors
15.1.4 Electric sun-roof operation
15.1.5 Seat control circuit
15.2 Central locking and electric windows
15.2.1 Door locking circuit
15.2.2 Electric window operation
15.2.3 Electric windows example circuit
15.3 Cruise control
15.3.1 Introduction
15.3.2 System description
15.3.3 Components
15.3.4 Adaptive cruise control
15.4 In-car multimedia
15.4.1 Introduction
15.4.2 Speakers
15.4.3 In-car entertainment (ICE)
15.4.4 Radio data system (RDS)
15.4.5 Radio broadcast data system (RBDS)
15.4.6 Radio reception
15.4.7 Digital audio broadcast (DAB)
15.4.8 Interference suppression
15.4.9 Mobile communications
15.5 Security
15.5.1 Introduction
15.5.2 Basic security
15.5.3 Top of the range security
15.5.4 Security-coded ECUs
15.5.5 Alarms and immobilizers
15.5.6 Keys
15.6 Airbags and belt tensioners
15.6.1 Introduction15.6.2 Operation of the system
15.6.3 Components and circuit
15.6.4 Seat-belt tensioners
15.6.5 Side airbags15.6.6 Intelligent airbag sensing system
15.7 Other safety and comfort systems
15.7.1 Obstacle avoidance radar
15.7.2 Tyre pressure warning
15.7.3 Noise control
15.7.4 Auto dimming mirrors
15.7.5 Automatic parking system
15.7.6 General systems diagnostic procedure
15.8 Advanced comfort and safety systems technology
15.8.1 Cruise control and system response
15.8.2 Radio suppression calculations
15.9 Updates
15.9.1 Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS)
15.9.2 The connected car
15.9.3 Hacking
15.9.4 Key jammers
15.9.5 Proximity awareness
Chapter 16 Automotive Technology Academy
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Resources
References
Index (1/3)
Index (2/3)
Index (3/3)

Content preview from Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems, 5th Edition

Fuel control

317

8.2 Engine fuelling and exhaust emissions

8.2.1 Operating conditions

The ideal air–fuel ratio is about 14.7 : 1. This is the theoretical amount of air

required to burn the fuel completely. It is given a ‘lambda (λ)’ value of 1.

λ = actual air quantity ÷ theoretical air quantity

The air–fuel ratio is altered during the following operating conditions of an

engine to improve its performance, drivability, consumption and emissions.

• Cold starting – a richer mixture is needed to compensate for fuel

condensation and improves drivability.

• Load or acceleration – a richer mixture to improve performance.

• Cruise or light loads – a weaker ...

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Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems, 5th Edition

by Tom Denton

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