book

Clean Energy for Sustainable Development

by Mohammad Rasul, Kalam Abul Azad, Subhash Sharma

November 2016

Intermediate to advanced

630 pages

20h 44m

English

Academic Press

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1.1. Introduction1.2. Fossil Fuels1.3. Nuclear Energy1.4. Renewable Energy1.5. Prospects and Policies for Renewable Energy1.6. DiscussionGlossary
2.1. Introduction2.2. Life Cycle Assessment of Solar Photovoltaic System2.3. Life Cycle Assessment of Wind Energy System2.4. Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels2.5. Life Cycle Assessment of Biogas2.6. Life Cycle Assessment of Hydropower Plants2.7. Life Cycle Assessment of Geothermal Power Plants2.8. Comparison With Conventional Systems2.9. Conclusions

3.1. Introduction3.2. Biomass3.3. Solar Power3.4. Wind Power3.5. Hydropower3.6. Future Prospects and Challenges for Renewable Energy Technologies
4.1. Introduction4.2. Carbon-Negative Technologies4.3. Carbon-Negative Biofuels4.4. Biofuel Conversion Technologies4.5. CO2 Capture and Storage4.6. Biological CO2 Fixation4.7. Microalgae Cultivation Technology4.8. Microalgae Hybrid Technologies4.9. The Economic Potential for BECCS4.10. Discussion and Challenges for BECCS4.11. Conclusions
5.1. Introduction5.2. Significance and Scope of Solar Drying in Australia5.3. Significance and Benefits of Solar Kilns5.4. Performance Evaluation and Selection of Solar Kilns—An Innovative Approach5.5. Results and Discussion5.6. ConclusionsNomenclature
6.1. Introduction6.2. Solar Collector and Receiver6.3. The Tubular Open-Cavity Receiver6.4. Recuperator6.5. Turbocharger as Microturbine6.6. Optimization and Methodology6.7. Results6.8. Remaining Challenges and Future Possibilities6.9. Conclusion and RecommendationsNomenclature
7.1. Introduction7.2. Heat-Driven Air Conditioning7.3. Desiccant Wheel7.4. Conclusions
8.1. Introduction8.2. History of Pyrolysis8.3. Challenges of Existing Pyrolysis Systems8.4. Heating of Pyrolysis Reactor8.5. Solar Heating Approach8.6. Integration of Solar Energy With Pyrolysis8.7. Current Research and Application of Solar Pyrolysis8.8. Considerations for Feasibility of Solar Pyrolysis8.9. Challenges in Solar Pyrolysis8.10. Future Scope of Solar Pyrolysis8.11. Concluding Remarks
9.1. Introduction
10.1. Introduction10.2. Hybrid Solar/Wind Energy Systems10.3. Hybrid Controllers for Solar and Wind Energy Systems10.4. Hybrid Solar/Wind Energy Application10.5. Current Trends10.6. ConclusionNomenclature
11.1. Introduction11.2. Outline of Methodology11.3. Results and Discussion11.4. ConclusionsNomenclature
12.1. Introduction12.2. Pongamia As Prospective Feedstock Candidate12.3. Pongamia Improvement Program12.4. Quality Analysis and Advantages of Pongamia Oil for Biodiesel12.5. Conclusion
13.1. Introduction13.2. Materials and Methods13.3. Biodiesel Conversion Steps13.4. Results and Discussions13.5. ConclusionsList of Abbreviations
14.1. Introduction14.2. Materials14.3. Results and Discussion14.4. Conclusions
15.1. Background15.2. Biodiesel as Sustainable Fuel15.3. Strategies to Minimize Viscosity of Vegetable Oil15.4. Feedstock for Biodiesel Production15.5. Chemical Transesterification Reactions15.6. Biochemical/Enzymatic Transesterification Reactions15.7. Response Surface Methodology as Imperative Tool for Biodiesel Optimization15.8. Analytical Methods for Biodiesel Characterization15.9. Fuel Properties and Exhaust Emissions of Biodiesel15.10. Future Perspectives of Biodiesel Production15.11. Conclusion and Recommendations
16.1. Introduction16.2. Biodiesel16.3. Catalysts16.4. Porous Materials16.5. Various Types of Mesoporous Catalysts16.6. Application of Mesoporous Materials16.7. Performance of the Mesoporous Catalyst16.8. The Diffusion Process of the Reactants Into Mesopore Channels16.9. Surface Modifications16.10. The Effect of Mesoporous Catalyst on Transesterification Reaction16.11. Conclusion and RecommendationNomenclature/Abbreviation
17.1. Introduction
18.1. Introduction18.2. Diesel Engine18.3. Biodiesel Fuel18.4. Biodiesel Production Procedure18.5. Biodiesel Production Technologies: Transesterification Method18.6. Biodiesel Fuel Standardization18.7. Potential of Biodiesel18.8. Biodiesel Fuel Blending18.9. Biodiesel Fuel Additive18.10. ConclusionsAppendices

Content preview from Clean Energy for Sustainable Development

17.7. Determination of Fatty Oil Composition

To determine the fatty oil compositions of biodiesel samples (1 μL) can be injected into gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector and a BPX70 capillary column of 30 m × 0.25 μm × 0.32 mm. An initial temperature of 140°C was held for 2 min, which was then increased at 8°C per minute to 165°C, 3°C per minute to 192°C, and finally 8°C per minute to 220°C. The column was held at the final temperature for another 5 min. The oven, injector, and the detector ports were set at 140°C, 240°C, and 260°C, respectively. The carrier gas was helium with column flow rate at 1.10 mL/min at a 50:1 split ratio. Table 17.4 shows an example of GC operating condition to determine fatty oil compositions ...