book

Ethernet: The Definitive Guide

by Charles E. Spurgeon

February 2000

Intermediate to advanced

520 pages

17h 13m

English

O'Reilly Media, Inc.

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Ethernet Is EverywhereCostScalabilityReliabilityWidely Available Management ToolsDesign for ReliabilityDowntime Is ExpensiveOrganization of This BookPart IPart IIPart IIIPart IVPart VOnline ReferencesHow to Use This BookConventions Used in This BookHow to Contact UsAcknowledgments
1.1. History of Ethernet1.1.1. The Aloha Network1.1.2. Invention of Ethernet1.1.3. Evolution of the Ethernet Standard1.2. The Latest Ethernet Standard1.2.1. IEEE Supplements1.2.2. Differences in the Standard1.3. Organization of IEEE Standards1.3.1. The Seven Layers of OSI1.3.2. IEEE Layers Within the OSI Model1.4. Levels of Compliance1.4.1. The Effect of Standards Compliance1.4.2. Equipment Included in the Standard1.5. IEEE Identifiers1.5.1. 100 Mbps Media Systems1.5.2. 1000 Mbps Media Systems1.6. Reinventing Ethernet1.6.1. Reinventing Ethernet for Twisted-Pair Media1.6.2. Reinventing Ethernet for 100 Mbps1.6.3. Reinventing Ethernet for 1000 Mbps1.6.4. Reinventing Ethernet for New Capabilities1.7. Multi-Gigabit Ethernet
2.1. Four Basic Elements of Ethernet2.1.1. The Ethernet Frame2.1.2. The Media Access Control Protocol2.1.2.1. The CSMA/CD protocol2.1.2.2. Collisions2.2. Ethernet Hardware2.2.1. Signaling Components2.2.2. Media Components2.2.3. Round-Trip Timing2.2.4. Ethernet Hubs2.3. Network Protocols and Ethernet2.3.1. Design of Network Protocols2.3.1.1. Protocol encapsulation2.3.2. Internet Protocol and Ethernet Addresses2.3.2.1. Operation of the ARP protocol
3.1. The Ethernet Frame3.1.1. Preamble3.1.2. Destination Address3.1.3. Source Address3.1.4. VLAN Tag Header3.1.5. Type Field or Length Field3.1.6. Data Field3.1.7. FCS Field3.1.8. End of Frame Detection3.2. Media Access Control Rules3.3. Essential Media System Timing3.3.1. Ethernet Slot Time3.3.2. Slot Time and Network Diameter3.3.3. Use of the Slot Time3.3.4. Slot Time and Minimum Frame Length3.4. Collision Detection and Backoff3.4.1. Operation of Collision Detect3.4.1.1. Collision detection on media systems3.4.2. Late Collisions3.4.2.1. Common causes of late collision3.4.3. The Collision Backoff Algorithm3.4.4. Operation of the Backoff Algorithm3.4.5. Choosing a Backoff Time3.5. Gigabit Ethernet Half-Duplex Operation3.5.1. Gigabit Ethernet Half-Duplex Network Diameter3.5.2. Looking for Bit Times3.5.3. Carrier Extension3.5.4. Frame Bursting3.5.4.1. Frame bursting and channel efficiency3.6. Collision Domain3.7. Ethernet Channel Capture3.7.1. Operation of Channel Capture3.7.2. Long-Term Fairness3.7.3. A Fix for Channel Capture?3.8. High-level Protocols and the Ethernet Frame3.8.1. Multiplexing Data in Frames3.8.2. Multiplexing Data with LLC3.8.3. LLC Sub-Network Access Protocol
4.1. Operation of Full-Duplex4.1.1. Effects of Full-Duplex Operation4.1.2. Configuring Full-Duplex Operation4.1.3. Full-Duplex Media Support4.1.4. Full-Duplex Media Segment Distances4.2. Ethernet Flow Control4.2.1. MAC Control Protocol4.2.2. PAUSE Operation
5.1. Development of Auto-Negotiation5.2. Basic Concepts of Auto-Negotiation5.3. Auto-Negotiation Signaling5.3.1. FLP Operation5.4. Auto-Negotiation Operation5.4.1. Repeater Hubs and Auto-Negotiation5.4.2. Auto-Negotiation and Cable Type5.5. Parallel Detection5.5.1. Problems with Parallel Detection5.6. Management Interface5.7. 1000BASE-X Auto-Negotiation
6.1. Attachment Unit Interface6.1.1. Data Terminal Equipment or Repeater Port6.1.2. Attachment Unit Interface and Cable6.1.3. AUI Connector6.1.4. AUI Transceiver Cable6.1.5. Medium Attachment Unit6.1.5.1. AUI transceiver jabber protection6.1.5.2. The SQE Test signal6.1.6. Medium-Dependent Interface6.2. Medium-Independent Interface6.2.1. MII Connector6.2.1.1. MII connector signals6.2.2. MII Transceiver and Cable6.2.2.1. MII jabber protection6.2.2.2. MII SQE Test6.3. Gigabit Medium-Independent Interface6.3.1. Gigabit Ten-Bit Interface6.3.2. GMII Transceiver6.3.3. Gigabit Interface Converter6.4. Ethernet Signal Encoding6.4.1. AUI Signal Encoding6.4.2. MII Signal Encoding6.4.2.1. 100BASE-X encoding6.4.3. GMII Signal Encoding6.5. Ethernet Network Interface Card6.5.1. Ethernet Interface Buyer’s Guide6.5.1.1. Gigabit Ethernet interfaces

7.1. 10BASE-T Signaling Components7.1.1. 10BASE-T Ethernet Interface7.1.2. Transceiver Cable7.1.3. External 10BASE-T Transceiver7.1.4. Signal Polarity and Polarity Reversal7.1.5. 10BASE-T Signal Encoding7.1.5.1. Physical line signaling7.2. 10BASE-T Media Components7.2.1. UTP Cable7.2.2. 10BASE-T Segments Longer than 100 Meters7.2.2.1. 10BASE-T attenuation specifications7.2.2.2. Special signaling equipment7.2.3. Twisted-Pair Impedance Rating7.2.4. Eight-Position RJ-45-Style Jack Connector7.2.5. Connecting a Station to 10BASE-T Ethernet7.2.6. 10BASE-T Link Integrity Test7.3. 10BASE-T Configuration Guidelines
8.1. Old and New Fiber Link Segments8.2. 10BASE-FL Signaling Components8.2.1. 10BASE-FL Ethernet Interface8.2.2. Transceiver Cable8.2.3. 10BASE-FL Transceiver8.2.4. 10BASE-FL Signal Encoding8.2.4.1. Physical line signaling8.3. 10BASE-FL Media Components8.3.1. Fiber Optic Cable8.3.2. Fiber Optic Connector8.4. Connecting a Station to 10BASE-FL Ethernet8.4.1. 10BASE-FL Link Integrity Test8.5. 10BASE-FL Configuration Guidelines8.5.1. Longer 10 Mbps Fiber Segments
9.1. 100BASE-TX Signaling Components9.1.1. 100BASE-TX Ethernet Interface9.1.2. Medium-Independent Interface9.1.3. 100BASE-TX Transceiver9.1.4. 100BASE-TX Signal Encoding9.1.4.1. Physical line signaling9.2. 100BASE-TX Media Components9.2.1. Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable9.2.2. Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable9.2.3. Eight-Position RJ-45-Style Jack Connector9.3. Connecting a Station to 100BASE-TX Ethernet9.3.1. 100BASE-TX Link Integrity Test9.4. 100BASE-TX Configuration Guidelines
10.1. 100BASE-FX Signaling Components10.1.1. 100BASE-FX Ethernet Interface10.1.2. Media-Independent Interface10.1.3. 100BASE-FX Transceiver10.1.4. 100BASE-FX Signal Encoding10.1.4.1. Physical line signaling10.2. 100BASE-FX Media Components10.2.1. Fiber Optic Cable10.2.2. Fiber Optic Connector10.3. Connecting a Stationto 100BASE-FX Ethernet10.3.1. 100BASE-FX Link Integrity Test10.4. 100BASE-FX Configuration Guidelines10.4.1. Longer Fiber Segments
11.1. 1000BASE-T Signaling Components11.2. 1000BASE-T Signal Encoding11.2.1. Signaling and Data Rate11.2.2. Signal Clocking11.2.3. 1000BASE-T Cabling Requirements11.3. 1000BASE-T Media Components11.3.1. UTP Cable11.3.2. Eight-Position RJ-45-Style Jack Connector11.4. Connecting a Stationto 1000BASE-T Ethernet11.4.1. 1000BASE-T Link Integrity Test11.5. 1000BASE-T Configuration Guidelines
12.1. 1000BASE-X Signaling Components12.1.1. 1000BASE-X Link Integrity Test12.2. 1000BASE-X Signal Encoding12.2.1. Physical line signaling12.3. 1000BASE-X Media Components12.4. 1000BASE-SX and 1000BASE-LXMedia Components12.4.1. Fiber Optic Cable12.4.2. Fiber Optic Connectors12.4.3. Gigabit Interface Converter12.5. 1000BASE-CX Media Components12.5.1. 1000BASE-CX Connectors12.6. 1000BASE-SX and 1000BASE-LX Configuration Guidelines
13.1. Scope of the Configuration Guidelines13.2. Network Documentation13.3. Collision Domain13.4. Model 1 Configuration Guidelines for 10 Mbps13.5. Model 2 Configuration Guidelines for 10 Mbps13.5.1. Network Models and Delay Values13.5.2. Finding the Worst-Case Path13.5.3. Calculating Round-Trip Delay Time13.5.4. Calculating the Interframe Gap Shrinkage13.6. Model 1 Configuration Guidelines for Fast Ethernet13.6.1. Longer Inter-Repeater Links13.7. Model 2 Configuration Guidelines for Fast Ethernet13.7.1. Calculating Round-Trip Delay Time13.7.2. Calculating Your Own Segment Delay Values13.7.3. Typical Propagation Values for Cables13.8. Model 1 Configuration Guidelines for Gigabit Ethernet13.9. Model 2 Configuration Guidelines for Gigabit Ethernet13.9.1. Calculating the Path Delay Value13.9.2. Segment Delay Value13.10. Sample Network Configurations13.10.1. Simple 10 Mbps Model 2 Configuration13.10.1.1. Round-trip delay13.10.1.2. Interframe gap shrinkage13.10.2. Complex 10 Mbps Model 2 Configuration13.10.2.1. Calculating separate left end values13.10.2.2. AUI delay value13.10.2.3. Calculating middle segment values13.10.2.4. Completing the round-trip timing calculation13.10.2.5. Interframe gap shrinkage13.10.3. 100 Mbps Model 2 Configuration13.10.3.1. Worst-case path13.10.3.2. Working with bit time values
14.1. Structured Cabling Systems14.2. TIA/EIA Cabling Standards14.2.1. Six Elements of Structured Cabling14.2.2. Star Topology14.3. Twisted-Pair Categories14.3.1. Category 5 and 5e Recommendation14.3.2. Category 614.4. Ethernet and the Category System14.5. Horizontal Cabling14.5.1. Horizontal Channel and Basic Link14.6. New Twisted-Pair Standards14.6.1. Additional Category 5 Specifications14.6.2. Enhanced Category 5 Cable Standard14.7. Identifying the Cables14.8. Documenting the Cable System14.9. Building the Cabling System
15.1. Category 5 Horizontal Cable Segment15.1.1. Category 5 Twisted-Pair Cable15.1.2. Twisted-Pair Cable Signal Crosstalk15.1.3. Twisted-Pair Cable Construction15.1.4. Twisted-Pair Installation Practices15.2. Eight-Position (RJ-45-Style) Jack15.3. Four-Pair Wiring Schemes15.3.1. Tip and Ring15.3.2. Color Codes15.3.3. Wiring Sequence15.4. Modular Patch Panel15.5. Work Area Outlet15.6. Twisted-Pair Patch Cables15.6.1. Telephone-Grade Patch Cables15.6.2. Equipment Cables15.6.3. 50-Pin Connectors and 25-Pair Cables15.6.3.1. 50-pin wiring sequence and mounting hardware15.6.3.2. 50-pin multiple disturber crosstalk15.6.3.3. Harmonica connectors15.7. Building a Twisted-Pair Patch Cable15.7.1. Installing an RJ-45 Plug15.8. Ethernet Signal Crossover15.8.1. 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T Crossover Cable15.8.2. 1000BASE-T Crossover Cable15.8.3. Identifying a Crossover Cable15.9. Twisted-Pair Ethernetand Telephone Signals
16.1. Fiber Optic Cable16.1.1. Fiber Optic Core Diameters16.1.2. Fiber Optic Modes16.1.3. Fiber Optic Bandwidth16.1.4. Fiber Optic Loss Budget16.1.5. Fiber Optic Connectors16.1.5.1. ST connector16.1.5.2. SC connector16.1.5.3. MT-RJ connector16.1.6. Building Fiber Optic Cables16.1.7. Signal Crossover in Fiber Optic Systems16.2. 10BASE-FL Fiber Optic Characteristics16.2.1. Alternate 10BASE-FL Fiber Optic Cables16.3. 100BASE-FX Fiber Optic Characteristics16.3.1. Alternate 100BASE-FX Fiber Optic Cables16.4. 1000BASE-X Fiber Optic Characteristics16.4.1. 1000BASE-SX Loss Budget16.4.2. 1000BASE-LX Loss Budget16.4.3. 1000BASE-LX/LH Long Haul Loss Budget16.4.4. Differential Mode Delay16.4.5. Mode-Conditioning Patch Cord
17.1. Collision Domain17.2. Basic Repeater Operation17.2.1. Collision Enforcement17.2.2. Fragment Extension17.2.3. Automatic Partitioning17.2.4. The Limit on Repeaters17.3. Repeater Buying Guide17.3.1. Chassis Hubs17.3.2. Stackable Repeaters17.3.3. Repeater Signal Lights17.3.4. Managed Hubs17.3.4.1. Secure hubs17.3.4.2. Intruder protection17.3.4.3. Eavesdrop protection17.4. 10 Mbps Repeaters17.4.1. Preamble Restoration17.4.2. SQE Test Signal and 10 Mbps Repeaters17.4.2.1. SQE Test and slow network performance17.4.3. Sample 10 Mbps Repeater Configurations17.4.3.1. Stackable repeaters reduce hop count17.4.3.2. Fiber optic 10 Mbps repeater hub17.5. 100 Mbps Repeaters17.5.1. 100 Mbps Repeater Types17.5.1.1. Automatic partitioning17.5.1.2. 100 Mbps repeater buying guide17.5.2. Sample 100 Mbps Repeater Configurations17.6. 1000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet Repeater17.7. Repeater Management17.7.1. Repeater Management Interface17.7.2. Repeater Management Information17.7.3. Framing Function17.8. Repeater Port Statistics17.8.1. Readable Frames17.8.2. Readable Octets17.8.3. Frame Check Sequence Errors17.8.4. Alignment Error17.8.5. Frames Too Long17.8.6. Short Events17.8.7. Runts17.8.8. Collisions17.8.9. Late Events17.8.10. Very Long Events17.8.11. Data Rate Mismatches17.8.12. Auto Partitions17.8.13. Last Source Address17.8.14. Source Address Changes17.8.15. Using the Management Interface
18.1. Brief Tutorial on Ethernet Bridging18.1.1. Transparent Bridging18.1.2. Address Learning18.1.3. Traffic Filtering18.1.3.1. Frame flooding18.1.4. Broadcast and Multicast Domains18.1.5. Spanning Tree Algorithm18.2. Advantages of Switching Hubs18.2.1. Improved Network Performance18.2.2. Linking Segments at Different Speeds18.2.3. Hybrid Switching and Repeating Hubs18.2.4. Buffered Distributor18.3. Switching Hub Performance Issues18.3.1. Network Design with Switching Hubs18.3.2. Switch Performance Measurement18.4. Advanced Features of Switching Hubs18.4.1. Switch Management18.4.2. Custom Filters18.4.3. Congestion Management18.4.4. Traffic Management18.4.5. Virtual LANs18.4.5.1. 802.1Q VLAN standard18.5. Network Design Issues with Switches18.5.1. Seven Hop Maximum18.5.2. Bridging Between Different LANs18.5.2.1. Multiple systems for identifying data18.5.3. Routers18.5.4. Routers or Switching Hubs?
19.1. Performance of an Ethernet Channel19.1.1. Persistent Myths About Ethernet Performance19.1.2. Ethernet Channel Analysis19.2. Measuring Ethernet Performance19.2.1. Measurement Time Scale19.2.2. Collecting Statistics19.3. Network Performance and the User19.3.1. Data Throughput Versus Bandwidth19.3.1.1. Maximum data rates on Ethernet19.3.1.2. Network performance for the user19.4. Network Design for Best Performance19.4.1. Switching Hubs and Network Bandwidth19.4.2. Growth of Network Bandwidth19.4.3. Change in Application Requirements19.4.4. Design for the Future
20.1. Reliable Network Design20.2. Network Documentation20.2.1. Equipment Manuals20.2.2. System Monitoring and Baselines20.3. The Troubleshooting Model20.4. Fault Detection20.4.1. Gather Information20.5. Fault Isolation20.5.1. Determining the Network Path20.5.2. Duplicating the Symptom20.5.3. Binary Search Isolation20.5.3.1. Dividing network systems20.6. Troubleshooting Twisted-Pair Systems20.6.1. Twisted-Pair Troubleshooting Tools20.6.2. Common Twisted-Pair Problems20.6.2.1. Twisted-pair patch cables20.6.2.2. 50-pin connectors and hydra cables20.6.2.3. Twisted-pair segment cabling20.7. Troubleshooting Fiber Optic Systems20.7.1. Fiber Optic Troubleshooting Tools20.7.2. Common Fiber Optic Problems20.8. Data Link Troubleshooting20.8.1. Collecting Data Link Information20.8.2. Collecting Information with Probes20.8.3. Collecting Information with RMON and SMON20.8.3.1. RMON Version 120.8.3.2. Sample of RMON statistics20.8.3.3. RMON Version 220.9. Network Layer Troubleshooting
A.1. AUI Slide Latch RetainerA.2. Buyer’s GuidesA.3. Cable and Connector SuppliersA.4. Cable TestersA.5. Cabling InformationA.6. Ethernet Jumbo FramesA.7. Ethernet Media ConvertersA.8. Ethernet Vendor CodesA.8.1. List of OUIs Maintained by the IEEEA.8.2. List of OUIs Compiled by VolunteersA.9. Ethernet Web SiteA.10. FAQs on Cabling and EthernetA.11. Network AnalyzersA.12. Networking Magazines and Trade JournalsA.13. Network Management InformationA.14. Requests for Comments (RFCs)A.15. Standards Documents and Standards OrganizationsA.15.1. BICSIA.15.2. Fibre Channel StandardsA.15.3. IEEE Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI)A.15.4. IEEE 802.1 Rapid Reconfiguration of Spanning TreeA.15.5. IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) StandardA.15.6. IEEE Higher Speed Study GroupA.15.7. Telecommunications Cabling StandardsA.15.8. Other Standards OrganizationsA.16. Wireless Ethernet
B.1. Thick Coaxial Media SystemB.2. 10BASE5 Signaling ComponentsB.2.1. Ethernet InterfaceB.2.2. Transceiver CableB.2.3. 10BASE5 TransceiverB.2.4. 10BASE5 Signal EncodingB.2.4.1. Physical line signalingB.3. 10BASE5 Media ComponentsB.4. Connecting a Station to 10BASE5 EthernetB.5. 10BASE5 Configuration GuidelinesB.6. Thin Coaxial Media SystemB.7. 10BASE2 Signaling ComponentsB.7.1. 10BASE2 Ethernet InterfaceB.7.2. Transceiver CableB.7.3. External 10BASE2 TransceiverB.7.4. 10BASE2 Signal EncodingB.8. 10BASE2 Media ComponentsB.9. Connecting a Station to 10BASE2 EthernetB.10. 10BASE2 Configuration GuidelinesB.11. Coaxial Cables and ConnectorsB.11.1. Coax Cable Safety RulesB.11.2. Coaxial Cable GroundingB.11.2.1. Connector insulatorsB.11.3. 50 ohm Impedance RatingB.11.3.1. Incorrect video cableB.11.3.2. Incorrect cable sectionsB.12. 10BASE5 Coaxial Cable and ConnectorsB.12.1. Building 10BASE5 Segments with Multiple Cable SectionsB.12.2. N-type Coaxial ConnectorB.12.3. N-type BarrelB.12.4. N-type TerminatorB.12.5. Thick Coax Cable TopologyB.13. 10BASE2 Coaxial Cable and ConnectorsB.13.1. Multiple Cable Sections for 10BASE2 SegmentsB.13.2. Male BNC Coaxial ConnectorB.13.3. BNC Crimp-on ConnectorB.13.4. BNC Ts and BarrelsB.13.5. Thin Coax Stub CablesB.13.6. BNC TerminatorB.13.7. 10BASE2 Cable TopologyB.13.7.1. Point-to-point topologyB.13.7.2. Bus topologyB.14. Installing Coaxial Cable ConnectorsB.14.1. Installing an N-type ConnectorB.14.2. Installing a BNC ConnectorB.14.3. Installing Transceiver Taps on Thick CoaxB.14.4. Removing a TransceiverB.15. Troubleshooting Coaxial Cable SystemsB.15.1. Coaxial Cable Troubleshooting ToolsB.15.1.1. Hand-held coaxial testersB.15.2. Common Coaxial Cable ProblemsB.15.2.1. Thin coax problemsB.15.2.2. Thick coax problems
C.1. The AUI Slide LatchC.1.1. Problems with the Sliding LatchC.1.2. Tips for Sliding LatchesC.2. Operation of SQE TestC.2.1. Ethernet Stations and SQE TestC.3. AUI Port ConcentratorC.3.1. Port Concentrator GuidelinesC.3.2. Problems with ConcentratorsC.3.3. Cascaded Port ConcentratorsC.3.4. SQE Test and the Port Concentrator

Content preview from Ethernet: The Definitive Guide

Part I. Introduction to Ethernet

The first part of this book provides a tour of basic Ethernet theory and operation. These chapters cover those portions of Ethernet operation that are common to all Ethernet media systems. Common portions include the Ethernet frame, the operation of the media access control system, full-duplex mode, and the Auto-Negotiation protocol.

Part I contains these chapters:

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