book

IP Routing

by Ravi Malhotra

January 2002

Beginner

238 pages

6h 20m

English

O'Reilly Media, Inc.

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Audience
What Is IP Routing?

Getting RIP Running
RIP UpdateRIP MetricProcessing RIP UpdatesSteady StateParallel PathsProcess SwitchingFast Switching
Speeding Up ConvergenceSplit horizonCounting to infinityTriggered updatesPoison reverseSetting timers
Routes to hosts
Getting IGRP Running
IGRP Autonomous System NumberIGRP MetricInterface bandwidth, delay, reliability, load, and MTUModifying interface bandwidth, delay, and MTUIGRP routing updatePath bandwidth, delay, reliability, load, and MTUIGRP composite metricModifying IGRP metricsProcessing IGRP updatesParallel PathsUnequal metric (cost) load balancingSteady State
Setting TimersDisabling IGRP Hold-Downs
Multiple Default Routes
Getting EIGRP Running
Neighbor RelationshipReliable Transport ProtocolDiffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)Reported distanceFeasible distance and successorFeasibility condition and feasible successorLoop freedomTopology tableConvergence in DUAL -- local computationConvergence in DUAL -- diffusing computationProtocol-Dependent ModuleEIGRP Packet FormatInternal routesExternal routes
Automatic SummarizationManual Summarization
Verifying Neighbor RelationshipsStuck-in-ActiveIncrease active timerEIGRP Bandwidth on Low-Speed LinksNetwork LogsIOS Version Check, Bug ListsDebug Commands
Getting RIP-2 Running
RIP-1/RIP-2 Interworking
VLSMUse of Subnet ZeroClassless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
Getting OSPF Running
Backbone AreaBackbone RouterArea or Regular AreaInternal RouterArea Border Router (ABR)Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR)Stub AreaTotally Stubby AreaNot So Stubby Area (NSSA)OSPF Topological DatabaseOSPF Route Types
Neighbor Discovery: The Hello ProtocolRouter IDArea IDChecksumAuthenticationNetwork maskHello-intervalOptionsRouter priorityRouter dead-intervalDesignated router (DR)Backup designated routerNeighbor router ID listDR/BDR ElectionInterface StateNeighbor RelationshipDatabase ExchangeRouter LSA (type 1)Network LSA (type 2)Summary LSA (type 3)ASBR summary LSA (type 4)External LSA (type 5)NSSA external LSA (type 7)Flooding of LSAs
Summarizing at the ABR (Inter-Area Summarization)Summarizing at the ASBR (or External Route Summarization)
Stub AreasTotally Stubby AreasNSSAs
OSPF HierarchyIP AddressingRouter IDDR/BDRBackbone AreaNumber of Routers in an AreaNumber of NeighborsRoute SummarizationVLSMStub AreasVirtual LinksOSPF Timers
OSPF Area IDsOSPF Does Not StartVerifying Neighbor RelationshipsRoute SummarizationOverloaded RoutersSPF OverrunUsing the LS DatabaseNetwork LogsDebug Commands
BackgroundAS TypesGluing AS to AS... Physical Connectivity in the InternetInternet Registries: IP Addresses and AS NumbersClassless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)Acquiring an IP AddressAcquiring an AS Number
Starting BGPNeighbor RelationshipBGP Message TypesOpenUpdateNotificationKeepaliveOriginating RoutesE-BGP Versus I-BGPSynchronizationThe BGP TableAttributesORIGIN (type code 1)AS-PATH (type code 2)NEXT-HOP (type code 3)MED (type code 4)WeightLOCAL-PREF (type code 5)Atomic Aggregate (type code 6)Aggregator (type code 7)CommunityPath Selection
Filtering by Prefix (Address/Mask) InformationFiltering by AS-PATH Information
Design AlternativesA Case Study
ServicesNetwork ArchitectureAddressing/RoutingOperationsPrice
Filter Routing InformationBlock All Updates on an InterfaceFilter the Routes Sent out in UpdatesFilter the Routes Received in UpdatesApply an Offset to a Routing Metric
How to RedistributeMany Pitfalls...... and a Couple of Strategies

Content preview from IP Routing

Organization

This book is comprised of eight chapters:

Chapter 1: This chapter introduces the basic concepts of IP routing. It will show you the simplest method of creating entries in a routing table -- by defining static routes.
Chapter 2: RIP is the earliest dynamic routing protocol. This chapter describes RIP in detail, including a discussion of the Distance Vector (DV) algorithms that are the foundation of RIP and other routing protocols. Since RIP is the simplest dynamic routing protocol, it is a great tool from which to learn. It may be a good idea to study this chapter even if you do not intend to use RIP.
Chapter 3: IGRP is Cisco’s proprietary routing protocol, which directly descended from RIP. IGRP contains some features that make it much more useful than RIP. This chapter focuses on these new features (study Chapter 2 to learn about the foundations of IGRP -- the DV protocols).
Chapter 4: The DV algorithms employed by RIP and IGRP have inherent limitations. EIGRP is Cisco’s proprietary routing protocol, which interworks seamlessly with IGRP but attempts to overcome these limitations. EIGRP supports classless networks and Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM).
Chapter 5: RIP-2 is an attempt to bring RIP back into vogue. RIP-2 is really RIP with support for classless networks and VLSM. RIP-2 still has all the limitations of DV protocols, such as long convergence times.
Chapter 6: OSPF is an open routing protocol. It is most commonly used to build large IP networks. The standards ...