Learning Java, 4th Edition

Thread Performance

The way that applications use threads and the associated costs and benefits have greatly impacted the design of many Java APIs. We will discuss some of the issues in detail in other chapters. But it is worth briefly mentioning some aspects of thread performance and how the use of threads has dictated the form and functionality of several recent Java packages.

The Cost of Synchronization

The act of acquiring locks to synchronize threads takes time, even when there is no contention. In older implementations of Java, this time could be significant. With newer VMs, it is almost negligible. However, unnecessary low-level synchronization can still slow applications by blocking threads where legitimate concurrent access otherwise could be allowed. Because of this, two important APIs, the Java Collections API and the Swing GUI API, were specifically crafted to avoid unnecessary synchronization by placing it under the developer’s control.

The java.util Collections API replaces earlier, simple Java aggregate types—namely, Vector and Hashtable—with more fully featured and, notably, unsynchronized types (List and Map). The Collections API instead defers to application code to synchronize access to collections when necessary and provides special “fail fast” functionality to help detect concurrent access and throw an exception. It also provides synchronization “wrappers” that can provide safe access in the old style. Special concurrent-access-friendly implementations of the