Underwater Sensor Networks ◾ 423
◾ Software architectures: Current software architectures are application-specific. ey should
be generic enough to be easily used by the scientific community.
◾ Protocols: Communication protocols are an active research field. Medium access layer, rout-
ing, and transport are all challenging areas that demand efficient solutions and deals with
the energy and bandwidth constraints. Protocols should be energy-aware.
◾ Localization: Localization is essential for monitoring applications, and new techniques
should be investigated.
In the coming years, the development in technology will allow the constructions of mobile under-
water ad hoc networks.
15.6 Conclusion
e UWSN is an important research area. In the comin ...