Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Energy-Efficient Unicast and Multicast Communication  ◾  221

to a round-based scenario. At the beginning of each round, the node energy reserves are restored

to a certain level, and an equal number N of packets to be multicasted is generated at every node.

A round terminates when the residual energy of at least half of the network nodes falls below a cer-

tain safety limit. Packets that did not successfully reach their destinations during a round continue

from the point they stopped in the following round(s). e succession of rounds continues until

the network reaches the steady state or until it becomes inoperable (unstable).

In our simulations, we use a 4 × 4 two-dimensional grid network topology of 16 stationary

nodes with a distance of 50 ...