Underwater Wireless Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey ◾ 389
14.3 Communication Protocols
In this section, the data link layer and the network layer protocols will be explained as a part of
integral communication architecture in underwater ad hoc networks. As we shall see below, many
of the protocols used for underwater ad hoc networks are the same as those used in terrestrial ad
hoc communications.
First we analyze the protocols used to access to the media and then we describe the network
protocols.
14.3.1 Data Link Layer Protocols
e main solutions for data link layer protocols are mainly focused on carrier sensing multiple
access (CSMA or CDMA), because frequency division multiple access is not suitable for underwa-
ter ad hoc networks, due to the ...